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What is Power

Handbook of Research on Technologies for Improving the 21st Century Workforce: Tools for Lifelong Learning
The flow of force that produces or inhibits change.
Published in Chapter:
A Critical Theory of Adult and Community Education
Stephen Brookfield (University of St. Thomas, USA)
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-4666-2181-7.ch010
Abstract
Critical theory is one of the most influential theoretical frameworks influencing scholarship within the field of adult and community education. This chapter outlines what constitute the chief elements of critical theory using Horkheimer’s (1937/1995) classic essay as a touchstone for this analysis. It argues for a set of adult learning tasks that are embedded in this analysis and that apply both to formal adult education settings and informal learning projects carried out in communities. Future likely trends are the extension of critical theory’s unit of analysis to include race, class, gender, disability and sexual identity, and critical analysis of digital technologies.
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Grounding Organizations in the Minds of the Agents
Internal and external resources, skills, capabilities, conditions, that make the agent ‘able’ and ‘in condition’ to do a given action and to realize a given goal. This is the “power of” doing an action, realizing a goal. There are various forms of social power; the most basic is the “Power over” the other: Y is dependent on X as for a given goal, thus X has Power over Y as for that goal.
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Exploring Peace Perspectives Through the Lens of Gender Inequality: Using Intersectionality to Examine Inclusiveness
Within this chapter, power is understood as a type of forceful dominance over others that impedes the empowerment of individuals and groups. It is evident not only in situations of blatant imbalances of power, but also comes into force through underlying power structures that (re)produce social, political, or economic barriers for marginalized or disadvantaged people to participate in decision making.
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Monitor and Adjust: Navigating Academe Through the Performance of Equity and Justice
The ability to control people and events, or to influence the way people act or think in important ways.
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Soft Power: An Enduring Notion in Contemporary International Politics
The right or ability to govern, rule, or strongly influence people or situations.
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New Institutional Economics and Economic Development: A Smithian Critique
The capacity to direct the actions of others or to influence the course of events.
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5G: An Expressway to IoT and Tactile Internet
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Endemic Corruption in the Post-Apartheid South African Public Sector
relates to state power and its ability to make policies, stimulate economic growth, enforce laws, and deliver services
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Ecological Governance and the Sustainability of Rural Household Water Conservation Systems in the Savannah Region of Ghana
Power is defined by this study as the extent to which a party has or can gain access to coercive (physical means), utilitarian (material means) or normative (prestige, esteem and social) means to impose their will (Mitchel et al., 1997 AU185: The in-text citation "Mitchel et al., 1997" is not in the reference list. Please correct the citation, add the reference to the list, or delete the citation. , p. 864).
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Strategic Management from Within
The capacity to influence others.
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A Case Study On Inter-Organizational Systems and Power
Power is the capacity to exert the will over others in order to realize certain intended benefits.
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Dignity and Engagement for Making Bioethics of Displacement Real: Praxis II
A situation in which an individual can influence or control others, often through authority, dominance, or control of resources.
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Understanding Self to Engage With the “Other”: Pedagogical Approaches to Teaching About Identity and Belonging in Graduate Education
The assumed or bestowed capacity to have influence or dominion over individuals, entities, events, or nature.
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Co-Production of Leadership Activities: A Micro-Level Perspective on Human Interaction in Public Sector Organisations
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Participating on More Equal Terms?: Power, Gender, and Participation in a Virtual World Learning Scenario
A relative relationship where one person can be seen as having more, less or equal power compared another. Initially often based on formal roles, positions or conventions. A teacher, for example, possesses more power than a student in a conversation due to his/her formal role.
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Structural Aspects of Organizations
It is the structural dimension concerning the delegation of tasks within the organization.
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Psychological Empowerment: How Can the Tourism Industry Adopt It?
The ability of the individual to direct someone else to behavior in their own direction.
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Developing Trust in Virtual Teams
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The Role of Individual Trust in E-Collaboration
The ability to get someone else to do something you want done and to make things happen the way you want them to.
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Assistive ICT and Young Disabled Persons: Opportunities and Obstacles in Identity Negotiations
Power is having the opportunity to pursue individual goals and possessing the necessary means to achieve these goals.
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Availability of Infrastructure Facilities in India: Prospects and Challenges
Power plays the key role in increasing productivity of agriculture and labor, improving health and education and helping in communication and therefore is considered to be indispensable for economic development.
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The EU Language Policy as a Tool
An actor who can cause others to do what she/he wants.
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The Globalization of Hybrid Warfare and the Need for Plausible Deniability
The exercise of influence over the minds and actions of others.
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Enhancing Student Agency as a Driver of Inclusion in Online Curriculum, Pedagogy, and Learning Content
The ability of an individual or individuals to influence other individuals’ behavior, conditions, and to influence the course of events.
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International Joint Ventures at the Crossroads: Building Leadership Bridges
Is the focus on the organic, inherent, and unique trait of who within the organization either shares or has singular leadership authority, decision-making, and/or autonomy. Shared leadership then is the power and process in the making of joint decisions.
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The Nexus of War, Violence, and Rights: A History of War-Torn Afghanistan
The ability to control people or things or to do something; typically, political control of a country or area.
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Introducing Knowledge Management as Both Desirable and Undesirable Processes
The capability and possibility to influence and/or direct the course of some action.
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Entrepreneurial Ethical Decision Making: Context and Determinants
The ultimate requirement for a manager to run a business; it can be in monetary, psychological, and sociological or know-how forms.
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Turbulent Peace, Power, and Ethics
According to K. Boulding the power is exercised when men love, construct enterprise, create theories and scientific experiments, and expands markets, and, of course when they launch wars or compose poesy, in all their conceivable actions, human beings exercise power. The common denominator of these actions is, justly, that in order to attain our objectives we want to exercise influence and authority over our allies, and force and dissuasion over our enemies. To the influent T. Schelling –ideologist of cold war strategies and pioneer of the games theory– power is present in all human actions (love, sex, education, business, etc.) The individuals play games of strategy and, consequently, they exercise power: a player (an individual or a social group) has the capacity to get what he wants by exercising influence (or violent pressure) over his allies and enemies. Even a small baby has the capacity to get a toy because even the baby in arms –like the best actors and convincing girlfriends– uses their crocodile tears in order to exercise influence over his parents.
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Analyzing an ES Implementation in a Health Care Environment
Power is the capacity to exert the will over others in order to realize certain intended benefits.
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Regional Conflict Prevention and Perceived Power Competition: Six Elements of Power
The influence of an IR actor over the behaviour and choices of other IR actors.
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Relations between Knowledge Acquisition Forms and Sources of Power in Organization
A has power on B when A obtains B of the behaviors, or actions, that B would not have had without the intervention of A; the power is the exercise of a capacity of influence.
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The Standardisation of Natural Capital Accounting Methodologies
The individual or collective ability to influence the outcome of a process, whether voluntarily or not (e.g. the setting of a new standard).
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Designing Complex Organizations Computationally
A state-of-the-art environment for dynamic organizational representation and emulation, which is used to develop and experiment with models of alternate organizational forms.
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Women in Religious Leadership: A New Framework
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Developing Critical Dispositions in Teacher Education Programs
The productive aspect of text and talk that functions to regulate society; located primarily in discourse.
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