In nano scale, microscopy comprises the electron beam-based techniques, such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM); scanning probe microscopy (SPM), such as atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM, with a spot size of 1 to 10 Å), and near-field optical microscopy (NSOM); polarizing optical microscopy (PM – 2D imaging); and fluorescent confocal microscopy (FCPM, 3D imaging), including confocal laser scanning microscopes, spinning disk confocal microscopes, and programmable array microscopes (PAM).
Published in Chapter:
Duality of Natural and Technological Explanations
Copyright: © 2015
|Pages: 87
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-4666-8142-2.ch005
Abstract
This chapter provides visual interpretations of natural and human-made events as examples of cognitive solutions for knowledge visualization. Mathematical description of technological and art related solutions pertaining to the earthly and celestial events is followed by examination of physical concepts versus sports. After that, the chapter explores cell biology versus human habitats; description of natural and human-made new materials at macroscopic, molecular, and atomic scales; an account of carbon as a gem, a molecule, and a heart of nanotechnology; and finally, a text about geography and maps, along with objects and events they represent. The leading format of this chapter is integration of multiple disciplines toward developing an interdisciplinary way of delivering knowledge through visualization-related electronic visuals, needed in every discipline. Issues and materials comprised in this chapter indicate the importance of the visual part of knowledge presentation for cognitive learning.