A procedure performed to detect the presence of a specific clinical condition or disease. Screening tests are a particular case of tests that offer rapid results. These tests should be easily accessible to target groups, easy to administer, and not expensive. Tests with high sensitivity are often used to screen for disease, as tests with low sensitivity fail to identify many patients with a particular clinical condition or disease.
Published in Chapter:
The Clinical Utility of Psychometric Tests: A Real-Data Approach From a Study Including Children With ADHD
Luis Anunciação (Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), Marco A. Arruda (Glia Institute, Brazil), and J. Landeira-Fernandez (Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)
Copyright: © 2021
|Pages: 20
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-7630-4.ch016
Abstract
The clinical utility of a measure involves its ability to support a wide range of decisions that enhance its pragmatism and use. Although several statistics are part of this feature, one centerpiece of this concept is the ability of an instrument to provide cutoff scores that can accurately discriminate between groups that consist of patients and non-patients. This latter aspect leads to such concepts as sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and likelihood ratios, accuracy, and receiver operating characteristic curves. This chapter addresses these topics from two perspectives. First, because these features of clinical utility are encompassed as a subfield of statistical decision theory, the authors provide a historical review that links null hypothesis significance testing (NHST), signal detection theory (SDT), and psychological testing. Second, a real-data approach is used to demonstrate these concepts. Additionally, a free software program was developed to present these concepts.