Abstract
This chapter explores the impact of millet cultivation and sustainable development on agriculture, focusing on advancements in production and environmental practices. Key factors influencing production quantity, quality, location, etc., are analysed. It presents an overview of food security assessments, modelling, mapping, and monitoring techniques, utilizing data from various satellites, from spectroradiometers, and ground-truthing, the grain yield of different millet varieties is estimated, accounting for regional variations and the influence of soil bunds on crop growth. Through the application of the random forest technique, the chapter demonstrates how crop yields can be identified and predicted using regression models based on rainfall patterns and millet suitability in specific Indian states. The findings showcase how monitoring techniques can empower farmers in various regions to achieve higher yields, sustainable food production, and improved crop quality along with addressing the limitations or challenges encountered during the research process.
Top1. Introduction
1.1. Background on Millet Cultivation and Its Role in Sustainable Development
Millet cultivation has a long history, with archaeological evidence suggesting that it was one of the earliest domesticated cereal crops. Ancient civilizations in Asia and Africa, such as those in China, India, and sub-Saharan Africa, relied on millet as a staple food source. Over time, it spread to other parts of the world, adapting to various climates and becoming an integral part of diverse culinary traditions (Adimassu, 2014).
Table 1.
Global scenario of millets area and production region wise (2019)
| Regions | AREA (lakh ha) | Production (lakh ton) |
| Africa | 489 (68%) | 423 (49%) |
| Americas | 53 (7%) | 193 (23%) |
| Asia | 162 (23%) | 215 (25%) |
| Europe | 8 (1%) | 20 (2%) |
| Australia & New Zealand | 6 (~1%) | 12 (~1%) |
| India | 138 (20%) | 20 (2%) |
| WORLD | 718 | 863 |
[Source: YES BANK Analysis]
One of the key reasons millets are highly valued in sustainable agriculture is their exceptional resilience to environmental stressors. Millet is well-suited for regions with limited water resources and unpredictable rainfall patterns. Its deep root system allows it to access water from deeper soil layers, making it more drought-tolerant compared to other cereal crops like rice or wheat (Scherr, 2012).
Figure 1.
Annual per capita consumption of millets in India(kg)
Sustainable development is deeply connected to the concept of food security, which encompasses access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food for all. Millet plays a pivotal role in achieving food security, particularly for vulnerable populations in developing regions (Lopez-Ridaura, 2019).
Furthermore, the crop's versatility allows it to serve not only as a staple food but also as an ingredient in various culinary applications. From traditional porridges and flatbreads to modern millet-based products like gluten-free flour, snacks, and beverages, millet offers an array of culinary possibilities (Gatti, 2017). Another significant contribution of millet to sustainable development lies in its role in enhancing soil fertility and reducing the need for synthetic fertilizers. Millet can be part of crop rotation and intercropping systems, where different crops are planted in sequence or together on the same piece of land (Kassie, 2007). As a part of sustainable agricultural systems, millet cultivation also has socio-economic benefits. It can enhance local livelihoods by providing income opportunities for smallholder farmers, promoting food sovereignty, and supporting rural economies (Rowhani, 2011).
In conclusion, millet's historical significance, resilience to challenging conditions, and nutritional value make it an essential crop for sustainable development. By contributing to food security, enhancing soil health, conserving water resources, and supporting local economies, millet cultivation exemplifies the principles of sustainable agriculture (Chang, 2017).
Key Terms in this Chapter
Market Access and Demand: The availability of markets and consumer interest for millet products, influencing farmer decisions to cultivate millet and the economic viability of millet farming.
Climate Resilience: The capacity of millet cultivation systems to withstand and adapt to the impacts of climate change, including changing weather patterns, temperature variations, and extreme events.
Resource Allocation: The efficient distribution and utilization of resources in millet cultivation, including nutrients, water, and inputs, to maximize yields while minimizing waste and environmental impact.
Monitoring Techniques: Methods and tools, such as satellite data and ground-truthing, used to collect and analyse data related to millet cultivation, enabling informed decision-making and sustainable practices.
Sustainable Agriculture: Farming practices that prioritize long-term ecological balance, resource conservation, and the well-being of farmers, ensuring the continued viability of millet cultivation.
Policy Frameworks: Regulatory and legislative structures that incentivize and support sustainable millet cultivation, often involving government policies aimed at promoting agricultural sustainability and food security.
Data-Driven Decision-Making: The practice of using data, often obtained through monitoring techniques, to inform and guide decisions related to millet cultivation, enhancing productivity and sustainability.
Pest and Disease Management: Strategies and practices aimed at identifying, preventing, and mitigating the impact of pests and diseases on millet crops, reducing the need for chemical treatments.