Globalization and neoliberalism are complex and multifaceted phenomena that have significant impacts on women's labor. Globalization has enabled women to participate more in the labor market. However, liberalization policies and economic structures during the globalization process have generally forced women to work in low-paid and insecure jobs. Neoliberal policies also have significant effects on women's labor. Neoliberal policies aimed at reducing state intervention, privatizing public services, and reducing social security have increased women's insecurity in the labor market. Women had to adapt to flexible working conditions without social security, and their rights in the workplace were frequently violated. The effects of globalization and neoliberalism on women's labor have also contributed to the reproduction of gender roles. As a result, globalization and neoliberal policies have complex effects on women's labor. Understanding and mitigating these impacts is an important step towards increasing women's participation in the workforce and reducing gender inequality.
Top2. Study Focus And Theoretical Approach
Globalization is an important concept that has been discussed for a long time in the social science literature. This concept, which is used to understand and explain economic, cultural, social and political changes, has become a frequently used term today, especially to explain large increases in international economic flows (Goldblatt, Perraton, Held, Anthony, & Anthony, 2006). With globalization, the fact that national borders become insignificant in terms of the market and goods can move freely around the world has made it necessary for all countries to integrate into international markets and adapt to the competitive conditions in these markets. In this context, price competition for goods to be sold worldwide has become increasingly important (Munck, 2002). ince lowering prices depends largely on reducing labor costs in countries using labor-intensive technologies, the use of female labor, which is considered cheap labor, is increasing.
Women, who make up half of the society, cannot work in regular and registered jobs, especially in developing countries, and they are more affected than men by unemployment and unregistered employment brought about by globalization (Atasü Topçuoğlu, 2012). If we consider the reflection of the globalization process on women's labor in a historical context, in the feudal period, the production unit of families was the house and domestic labor was generally a part of general production, which meant that production was generally made for domestic consumption (Toksöz, 2011). While women generally assumed responsibility for domestic production associated with their roles as mothers and wives, other family members participated in production processes that took place outside the household (Carr, Chen, & Tate, 2000). Although there was a gender-based division of labor in this period, there was no clear distinction between daily life and business life (Şener, 2011). n the pre-industrial revolution period, home and work spaces were closely interconnected for the masses and displayed an organic integrity in the struggle for survival (Louw & De Vries, 2002). However, under the influence of the industrial revolution, cities and life began to be shaped around factories, and in this process, conditions contrary to people's dignity were experienced.