Impact of Heat Stress and Nutritional Stress on Early Embryo Development

Impact of Heat Stress and Nutritional Stress on Early Embryo Development

Golden Gokhale, Pir Mohammad Ishfaq, Gurudutt Sharma
Copyright: © 2021 |Pages: 22
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-4480-8.ch006
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Abstract

The nutritional, physiological, and reproductive function has detrimental effects on heat stress, which is found in many species of mammals. High ambient temperature in mammals cause a decrease in the length and intensity of estrus by disturbing ovarian function as well as decreasing pregnancy rate after artificial insemination. The effects of nutritional stress on developing oocytes in the ovarian follicle and in the reproductive tract on early embryos are because of the environment where a breeding female lives before conception and at the early stages of pregnancy. Maturity of oocyte, blastocyst yield, prenatal survival, and the number of offspring born alive are affected by change in consumption and quantity of the food taken during the pre-mating period. To improve reproductive efficiency and offspring quality, it is necessary to detect and evaluate the deteriorating effects of heat stress on reproductive organs and cells and to plan nutrition related strategies.
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Impact Of Climatic Situations

Climate is an aggregate of factors that consist of temperature, humidity, rainfall, air movement, radiation, barometric pressure and ionization. Climatic zones fluctuate and depend on latitude, winning winds, evaporative conditions, availability of water, elevation, proximity to mountains and other factors (Berner and Berner, 2012). The variety and duration of the ambient temperature is essentially dependent on latitude, with latitudes towards the equator experiencing maximum heat stress (Chandler and Sohl, 2000). A range of changes occur inside the animal as a result of heat stress, especially with elevated body temperature of >39.16°C (regular is 38.61°C) and increased respiration rates of >70-80/ minute.

Increased Maintenance of Energy Requirement

Dairy cows spark off mechanisms in striving conditions to dissipate the excess heat and holding the body temperature. The extended respiration rate is one example. The maintenance of energy requirement may additionally increase by 20-30% in animals underneath heat stress. This decreases the consumption of power available for productive functions which include milk production. Blood drift to the skin will increase during starving conditions to dissipate heat. At the same time, blood flow to the center of the body will get decreased.

Feed Nutrient Utilization

An accelerated lack of sodium and potassium is usually related to heat stress. This is due to the loss related to the increased respiratory rate. This can shift the acid-base balance and result in a metabolic alkalosis that can lead to the decrease in the efficiency of nutrient utilization.

Dry Matter Intake

Dry matter consumption decreases in dairy cows subjected to heat stress. This melancholy in dry matter intake may be both for a brief time period and long term relying on the duration of heat stress. A 10 to 20% decrease in the intake of dry matter of is not unusual in industrial dairy herds.

Milk Production

There is generally low milk production in cows under heat stress. This low milk production can be either transitory or longer time period depending on the duration and severity of heat stress. These decreases in milk production can range from 10 to 25%. If heat stress lowers milk production during early lactation in dairy cows, ability of the milk production for the lactation could be decreased. Dairy cows in later lactation stage may additionally recover slowly from the adverse effects of heat stress.

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