Silver Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characteristics, and Application

Antibiotics Strategy

The “Father of microbiology”, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was one of the first people (26 December 1676) who observed cells of bacteria with the microscope constructed by himself. As later has been noticed, microorganisms populate the entire planet, and due to the property of mutation, they are adapted even for extreme conditions such as high temperature and low acidity (Stewart, 2002). Many of the bacteria prove profitable activity for human - bacteria occupying a gastrointestinal tract, participating in the correct processes of digestion (microflora), holding appropriate pH on the surface of mucous membranes, and determining barrier protective on the surface of skin (Michael et al, 2010). They are also used for different types of fermentation in food industry. However, only after many years of intensive research on the microorganisms their pathogenic activity has been proven as a result of which millions of people died. This problem encouraged mankind to search medicine against the threatening microbes. Many scientists took research in this direction, but only in 1929 year became isolated the first antibiotic. Alexander Fleming observed the inhibitory influence of fungus Penicillium notatum on the Staphylococcus strain. Name of antibiotic comes from Greek language, from words: anti - against, bios - life and their height means substances which they can destroy bacteria or suppress, but are out of order to healthy cells of the organism. The basis of antibiotic therapy it is considered the Ehrlich rule, based on which the antibiotic is a chemical connection, without showing high toxicity to eukaryotic cells, causes the damage or death of microorganisms. Nevertheless, it is important to note that, firstly, the antibiotic was produced by living organisms through insulation and was not product of the chemical synthesis (Kumar et al, 2005).