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What is Individualism

Chapter 5
The Psychology and Dynamics Behind Social Media Interactions
The belief that each person is more important than the needs of the whole group or society.
Published in Chapter:
Cyberbullying: Negative Interaction Through Social Media
Michelle F. Wright (Pennsylvania State University, USA)
Copyright: © 2020 |Pages: 29
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-9412-3.ch005
Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to examine cyberbullying through social media among youth. Drawing on research from a variety of disciplines, such as psychology, education, social work, sociology, and computer science, this chapter is organized into seven sections. These sections include 1) background; (2) youths' characteristics and risk factors; (3) negative psychosocial and academic outcomes; (4) theoretical framework; (5) solutions and recommendations; (6) future research directions; and (7) conclusion. The chapter will draw on multidisciplinary qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-design research methodologies from psychology, sociology, social work, and criminology.
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Chapter 3
Individualism-Collectivism as Cultural Chasm: Workplace Stress and Cultural Syndrome
The moralistic view on political and social philosophy and a stance and interests that an individual has on ideology and society. It emphasizes nonconformity and a collective approach to any issue that might affect an individual.
Published in Chapter: Individualism-Collectivism as Cultural Chasm: Workplace Stress and Cultural Syndrome; From: Handbook of Research on the Complexities and Strategies of Occupational Stress
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Chapter 2
Cross-Cultural Leadership
The belief that the individual is dominant in social life and that the interests of the individual are more important and superior than those of the society.
Published in Chapter: Cross-Cultural Leadership; From: Cultural Factors and Performance in 21st Century Businesses
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Chapter 11
Dysphagia Management in Culturally-Linguistically Diverse Populations
A societal view that places the needs of the individual as the priority. Decisions made are to benefit the individual.
Published in Chapter: Dysphagia Management in Culturally-Linguistically Diverse Populations; From: Cases on Communication Disorders in Culturally Diverse Populations
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Chapter 153
Social Media Intensity, EWOM, and Conspicuous Consumption among American, Korean, and Thai Consumers
The degree to which people in a society emphasize independence and a concept of self rather than of the group.
Published in Chapter: Social Media Intensity, EWOM, and Conspicuous Consumption among American, Korean, and Thai Consumers; From: Encyclopedia of E-Commerce Development, Implementation, and Management
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Chapter 11
Culturally-Sensitive E-Learning Practices for Career and Technical Education
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Chapter 10
The Need for Global Standards in Biomedical Ethics and the Qualitative Methodology
Entails rights rather than duties accrued to individual; it ascribes the right to make decisions pertaining to oneself; personal freedom of choice, wellbeing and independent thinking.
Published in Chapter: The Need for Global Standards in Biomedical Ethics and the Qualitative Methodology; From: Handbook of Research on Individualism and Identity in the Globalized Digital Age
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Chapter 6
Gamification: Athletic Coaching vs. Executive Coaching
Focused on the freedom of individuals to choose their own actions and pathways.
Published in Chapter: Gamification: Athletic Coaching vs. Executive Coaching; From: Navigating the Coaching and Leadership Landscape: Strategies and Insights for Success
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Chapter 4
Culturally Determined Preferences: Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) Systems vs. Live Help
This refers to a behavior where a person focuses on themselves and seeks to get things done on their own, because that is how they are wired—the do-it-yourself person who relishes individual accomplishment.
Published in Chapter: Culturally Determined Preferences: Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) Systems vs. Live Help; From: Handbook of Research on Culturally-Aware Information Technology: Perspectives and Models
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Chapter 26
Cyberbullying: Definition, Behaviors, Correlates, and Adjustment Problems
The belief that each person is more important than the needs of the whole group or society.
Published in Chapter: Cyberbullying: Definition, Behaviors, Correlates, and Adjustment Problems; From: Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, Fifth Edition
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Chapter 82
Intercultural Competences as a Trust Factor in Virtual Team Work
The concept of individualism has been employed by such authors as Hosfstede (1991 AU25: The in-text citation "Hosfstede (1991" is not in the reference list. Please correct the citation, add the reference to the list, or delete the citation. ) or Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner (1998) to define those cultures which value individual independence and priorities individual objectives.
Published in Chapter: Intercultural Competences as a Trust Factor in Virtual Team Work; From: Encyclopedia of Human Resources Information Systems: Challenges in e-HRM
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Chapter 8
Hispanic/Latino Immigrant Women's Social Stressors: Silenced Voices
Orientation in culture that values independence and places emphasis and value on self-reliance.
Published in Chapter: Hispanic/Latino Immigrant Women's Social Stressors: Silenced Voices; From: Immigrant Women’s Voices and Integrating Feminism Into Migration Theory
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Chapter 13
Cyberbullying: The Dark Side of Digital Interactions
The belief that each person is more important than the needs of the whole group or society.
Published in Chapter: Cyberbullying: The Dark Side of Digital Interactions; From: Handbook of Research on School Violence in American K-12 Education
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Chapter 3
Cultural Issues in Global Collaborative Education
The tendency of people to only look after themselves and their immediate family.
Published in Chapter: Cultural Issues in Global Collaborative Education; From: Handbook of Research on Electronic Collaboration and Organizational Synergy
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Chapter 11
Impact of Culture on Service Failures and Service Recoveries
Refers to people’s level of acting individually or as team members.
Published in Chapter: Impact of Culture on Service Failures and Service Recoveries; From: Handbook of Research on Global Business Opportunities
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Chapter 11
Cross-Cultural Management of the European Textile and Clothing Industries: Application of Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions
A cultural dimension of Hofstede’s model that represents the degree to which people prefer to act as individuals rather than as members of a group.
Published in Chapter: Cross-Cultural Management of the European Textile and Clothing Industries: Application of Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions; From: Handbook of Research on Organizational Culture and Diversity in the Modern Workforce
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Chapter 16
Youths and Cyberbullying: Description, Theories, and Recommendations
The belief that each person is more important than the needs of the whole group or society.
Published in Chapter: Youths and Cyberbullying: Description, Theories, and Recommendations; From: Handbook of Research on Human Development in the Digital Age
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Chapter 3
Culturally-Biased Language Assessment: Collectivism and Individualism
A theory maintaining the independence of the individual and stressing individual initiative, action, and interests.
Published in Chapter: Culturally-Biased Language Assessment: Collectivism and Individualism; From: Handbook of Research on Perspectives in Foreign Language Assessment
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Chapter 6
The Influence of National Culture and Organizational Culture on the Success of an Expatriate Overseas Assignment
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Chapter 10
Cyberbullying: Prevalence, Characteristics, and Consequences
The belief that each person is more important than the needs of the whole group or society.
Published in Chapter: Cyberbullying: Prevalence, Characteristics, and Consequences; From: Analyzing Human Behavior in Cyberspace
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Chapter 2
State Legislative Process: Politics and the Urban and Rural Divide
A belief that all individuals should be able to succeed based on their talents and abilities, regardless of group characteristics.
Published in Chapter: State Legislative Process: Politics and the Urban and Rural Divide; From: Faith-Based Influences on Legislative Decision Making: Emerging Research and Opportunities
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Chapter 2
What Motivates Young Technology-Literate Consumers in Densely Populated Areas?
A cultural dimension characterized by preference and priority for self over a group.
Published in Chapter: What Motivates Young Technology-Literate Consumers in Densely Populated Areas?; From: Strategies and Tools for Managing Connected Consumers
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Chapter 44
The Nature of Cyberbullying Among Youths
The belief that each person is more important than the needs of the whole group or society.
Published in Chapter: The Nature of Cyberbullying Among Youths; From: Encyclopedia of Criminal Activities and the Deep Web
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Chapter 1
A Cross-Cultural Evaluation of Axiomatic Theories and Models of Technology Acceptance: A Review of Literature
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Chapter 14
The Networked Self: Collectivism Redefined in Civic Engagements through Social Media Causes
Can be defined as a preference for a loosely-knit social framework in which individuals are expected to take care of only themselves and their immediate families.
Published in Chapter: The Networked Self: Collectivism Redefined in Civic Engagements through Social Media Causes; From: Handbook of Research on Waste Management Techniques for Sustainability
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Chapter 12
The Empathy Paradox: Increasing Disconnection in the Age of Increasing Connection
Individualism (or independent self-construal) is the tendency to see oneself as a unique individual, who is distinct and separate from others. Typically people scoring high in individualistic traits value assertiveness, achievement, and personal abilities. Individualism is usually discussed in contrast with collectivism (or interdependent self-construal), which is the tendency to see oneself as more interconnected with others and part of larger relational and group contexts. Western cultures are typically found to be more individualistic compared to Eastern cultures, which are more collectivistic.
Published in Chapter: The Empathy Paradox: Increasing Disconnection in the Age of Increasing Connection; From: Handbook of Research on Technoself: Identity in a Technological Society
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Chapter 3
Language Gap: Cultural Assumptions and Ideologies
A social construct that describes an orientation toward the world that is centered on the individual rather than the collective.
Published in Chapter: Language Gap: Cultural Assumptions and Ideologies; From: International Approaches to Bridging the Language Gap
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Chapter 15
Online Instructional Practices for Racially Diverse Student Populations in United States Higher Education Institutions: Challenges and Best Practices
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Chapter 4
Time of Our Lives: Reproducing Inequality in a Culture of Compulsory Progress
A characteristic of white supremacy culture that involves the expectation that one is solely responsible for their own decisions and actions, disregarding contextual factors that also constrain or enable behaviors.
Published in Chapter: Time of Our Lives: Reproducing Inequality in a Culture of Compulsory Progress; From: The Reproduction and Maintenance of Inequalities in Interpersonal Relationships
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Chapter 23
Cultural Impacts on the Spread of Mobile Commerce: An International Comparison
The extent to which people are expected to stand up for themselves and consider their own well-being in any decisions. Dimension for quantifying culture with Hofstede’s framework.
Published in Chapter: Cultural Impacts on the Spread of Mobile Commerce: An International Comparison; From: Handbook of Research in Mobile Business, Second Edition: Technical, Methodological and Social Perspectives
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Chapter 3
Island-Centered Pedagogy: Teaching Higher Education in the Micronesian Context
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Chapter 141
Culture and Anonymity in GSS Meetings
A preference for a loose-knit social framework in a society in which individuals are only supposed to take care of themselves and their immediate families. This is opposed to collectivism, which implies a preference for a tightly knit social framework in which individuals can expect their relatives and clan to protect them in exchange for loyalty.
Published in Chapter: Culture and Anonymity in GSS Meetings; From: Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, Second Edition
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Chapter 3
The Socratic Guide on My Side: The Epistemic Function of Learning and Our Need for Guides
The idea that people are unique, separate, disconnected beings; often contrasted with the idea of a community—a group of people in close, intimate connection.
Published in Chapter: The Socratic Guide on My Side: The Epistemic Function of Learning and Our Need for Guides; From: Self-Directed Learning and the Academic Evolution From Pedagogy to Andragogy
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Chapter 21
Developing Trust within International Teams: The Impacts of Culture on Team Formation and Process
People in individualistic cultures tend to define themselves apart from a group and display individual characteristics and choices. In an individualistic culture, an emphasis is placed on those actions and attributes that support individual freedoms and choices.
Published in Chapter: Developing Trust within International Teams: The Impacts of Culture on Team Formation and Process; From: Handbook of Research on Effective Communication, Leadership, and Conflict Resolution
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