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What is Hate Crime

Chapter 14
Invisible Victims and the Pursuit of Justice: Analyzing Frequently Victimized Yet Rarely Discussed Populations
The victimization of an individual based solely on their demographic characteristics such as race/ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, sexual identity, or religion.
Published in Chapter:
The Victimization of Transgender Individuals: Addressing the Needs of a Hidden Population
Dean Fox (Mars Hill University, USA) and Barbara Sims (Mars Hill University, USA)
Copyright: © 2021 |Pages: 26
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-7348-8.ch014
Abstract
The victimization of transgender individuals is not always present in reported crime statistics. The victimizations experienced by this population are often invisible and suffered in isolation. There are many reasons why transgender people do not report their victimization, either to family members and friends or to the various institutions of society such as the police, the physical and/or mental health community, or to other social services providers. The authors explore what is currently known about the extent and nature of the victimization of transgender individuals. They explore the research associated with the role race/ethnicity plays in transgender victimizations, the nuances of victimizations that occur within intimate relationships, the response of the criminal justice system, and the impact of victimization on the transgender community. Possible solutions to the problems identified in the chapter are addressed, not the least of which is to dispel many of the myths associated with transgender individuals.
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Chapter 9
From Forms of Violence to the Specificities of the Impact on LGBTI+ Victims
Criminal acts based on hatred, in this case, due to sexual characteristics, sexual orientation and/or gender identity. In Portugal, for a situation to be classified as a hate crime, that situation must be classified as a crime in Portuguese Penal Code and it must be proven that the crime was committed for reasons of hate.
Published in Chapter: From Forms of Violence to the Specificities of the Impact on LGBTI+ Victims; From: Investigating and Combating Gender-Related Victimization
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Chapter 1
Critical Race Theory and Victimization
A criminal offense against a person or property motivated in whole or in part by an offender’s bias against a race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, ethnicity, gender or gender identity.
Published in Chapter: Critical Race Theory and Victimization; From: Implications of Marginalization and Critical Race Theory on Social Justice
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Chapter 6
Mass Shootings as Terrorism in an Era of Homeland Security
A statutorily defined, prohibited act that is motivated by bias such as prejudice against one’s race, religion, physical or mental disability, national or place of origin, or sexual orientation.
Published in Chapter: Mass Shootings as Terrorism in an Era of Homeland Security; From: Handbook of Research on Mass Shootings and Multiple Victim Violence
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Chapter 14
Resistencia: Using Critical Race Theory as a Form of Collective Power
Crime committed against a person based on a bias against the victim’s race, gender, national origin, religion, sexual orientation, or disability.
Published in Chapter: Resistencia: Using Critical Race Theory as a Form of Collective Power; From: Voicing Diverse Teaching Experiences, Approaches, and Perspectives in Higher Education
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