What is Duck Curve Phenomenon

The development of smart energy systems using the principles of Industry 4.0 to energize smart cities is of significant interest. On the other hand, digital twin systems are gaining popularity as they are expected to provide greater insights into the design, development, and maintenance processes of complex systems. This chapter first presents various salient operational requirements in energizing the smart cities through renewable energies, virtual power plants, and demand side management technologies. The tenets of digital twins and Industry 4.0 are the key drivers in the developmental process of cyber physical energy systems. The chapter illustrates the process of replicating the twins—physical and virtual systems—to function in synchronization for effective management. The digital transformation process of developing cyber physical systems from the conceptual living labs to the fully functional digital twins is presented.