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What is Calculus

Chapter 277
Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, Second Edition
A calculus is a system of physical symbols and mechanical rules for their manipulation intended to accomplish some purpose, such as calculation, differentiation, integration, or formal inference. In principle, any process that can be accomplished by a calculus can be programmed on a digital computer.
Published in Chapter:
History of Artificial Intelligence Before Computers
Bruce MacLennan (University of Tennessee, USA)
Copyright: © 2009 |Pages: 6
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-60566-026-4.ch277
Abstract
The history of artificial intelligence (AI) is commonly supposed to begin with Turing’s (1950) discussions of machine intelligence, and to have been defined as a field at the 1956 Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence. However, the ideas on which AI is based, and in particular those on which symbolic AI (see below) is based, have a very long history in the Western intellectual tradition, dating back to ancient Greece (see also McCorduck, 2004). It is important for modern researchers to understand this history for it reflects problematic assumptions about the nature of knowledge and cognition: assumptions that can impede the progress of AI if accepted uncritically.
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Chapter 16
Coupon Bond Duration and Convexity Analysis: A Non-Calculus Approach
Originally called “infinitesimal calculus” or “the calculus of infinitesimals”, is the mathematical study of continuous change. Calculus is invented by mathematicians Newton and Leibnitz. It has two major branches: differential calculus which concerns instantaneous rates of change, and integral calculus which concerns accumulation of quantities.
Published in Chapter: Coupon Bond Duration and Convexity Analysis: A Non-Calculus Approach; From: Recent Applications of Financial Risk Modelling and Portfolio Management
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Chapter 8
Activities in the Secondary School: An Arithmetic, Algebraic, Analytic path
Is the mathematical study of continuous change, in the same way that geometry is the study of shape and algebra is the study of generalizations of arithmetic operations.
Published in Chapter: Activities in the Secondary School: An Arithmetic, Algebraic, Analytic path; From: Computer-Based Mathematics Education and the Use of MatCos Software in Primary and Secondary Schools
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