WDWWO Combined NN and Its Application to Handover in Heterogeneous Networks

1. Introduction

The cellular radio concept of a grid of vast area base station sites designed to give a respectable amount of coverage has been around since the very beginning of mobile radio systems. In the mobile broadband era, expectations have grown for the ubiquity provision of high-speed services at a reasonable cost. Simultaneously, breakthrough technologies have enabled a new generation of low-power base stations. To meet mobile broadband demand and expectations at a reasonable cost, operators are increasingly moving to more complicated network deployment solutions that include a mix of traditional macro base stations, compact low-power base stations, and intermediate-sized base stations. A heterogeneous network is a term used to describe a network designed using a number of various base station types. It is possible to deploy certain kinds of heterogeneous networks in a strategically planned manner. One example of this would be the deployment of micro nodes within a macro network. On the other hand, the network might actually be unplanned in certain situations. One illustration of this is the deployment of home nodes, which may be driven by the interests of consumers. It is desired for the network to be able to take efforts to optimize itself in both of these scenarios, but especially in situations where the network is formed without prior planning. As an illustration, interference needs to be handled, and one possible method for doing so is by altering the transmit power levels of the nodes. Additionally, when nodes are deployed in an unplanned fashion, the network needs to acquire intelligence about the topology of the network, specifically which nodes are positioned in close proximity to one another, in order to make mobility decisions that are accurate. As a result, the network and, to a certain extent, the standardization need to address the mechanisms by which the network can optimize itself. During the growing phase of 2G and 3G deployments, capacity became a more major concern in certain regions, such as dense city centres. As a result, it became more necessary to densify the deployment of macro sites in these areas. Despite this, the type of site was rather consistent, and the propagation and interference occurred in a manner that was somewhat predictable.

As a result of the widespread availability of complicated mobile devices in the modern era of mobile broadband, there has been an increase in the level of expectation about the provision of high-speed, high-quality services at a reasonable cost. Concurrently, the development of base station and chipset technologies has made it possible for a new generation of low-power base stations to come into existence. These base stations have the potential to offer a variety of advantages, including enhanced user throughputs, increased capacity, and/or improved coverage across a limited region. The operators are increasingly turning to more complex network deployment solutions that consist of a mixture of traditional macro base stations, small low-power base stations, and base stations of intermediate size. This is being done as part of an overall solution to be able to meet demand and expectations for mobile broadband in a cost-effective manner. The planning of coverage and interference may be carried out in the conventional fashion for certain types of base stations, while the deployment of other types of base stations may be carried out in a manner that is less predictable. A “heterogeneous network” is a term that is frequently used to refer to a network that is constructed using a wide range of different types of base stations. There is no technology component that is responsible for heterogeneous deployments; the deployment of different kinds of nodes has been a possibility ever since the initial release took place. As their name suggests, heterogeneous networks can have a very varied appearance from one another, can be implemented for a wide range of reasons, and can make it possible to take advantage of a variety of various opportunities. It is possible that the creation of new types of deployments will result in the formation of new and distinct difficulties, which can be reduced or solved by utilizing solutions that are based on technology and standards. As a result, progressive releases have included changes that make it easier to deploy heterogeneous networks in new configurations.