Toxicological Parameters and Risk Assessment of Some Novel Insecticides: An In-Depth Analysis

Toxicological Parameters and Risk Assessment of Some Novel Insecticides: An In-Depth Analysis

Akanksha Chand
Copyright: © 2023 |Pages: 16
DOI: 10.4018/979-8-3693-0200-2.ch002
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Abstract

Pesticides are widely used in agriculture, horticulture, and public health to protect crops and control pests. However, pesticides can also pose a significant risk to human health and the environment, especially when used improperly or in excessive amounts. The toxicity of a pesticide is often expressed in terms of its lethal dose (LD) or lethal concentration (LC) values, which provide an estimate of the amount of the pesticide that can cause death in a specified population. In this chapter, the authors review the LD and LC values and explore the different factors that influence pesticide toxicity, such as the mode of action and formulation. Additionally, they present the toxicity ranges of selected pesticides commonly used in agriculture and public health and discuss the health effects associated with acute and chronic exposure to these chemicals. The chapter will conclude with a discussion of the regulatory frameworks governing pesticide use and the need for sustainable and integrated pest management practices.
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Buprofezin

Buprofezin is a non-systemic narrow-spectrum foliar insecticide in the thiazine class belonging to IRAC Group 16 (chitin biosynthesis inhibitor-type1). It does not exhibit cross-resistance to other pesticide classes. It acts as a molting inhibitor against some Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Acarina and Homoptera such as plant hoppers, whiteflies and scale insects. It is widely used in more than 80 countries. Insect growth regulators (IGRs) have lower toxicity against vertebrates than most conventional insecticides.

Figure 1.

Chemical structure depiction of Buprofezin

979-8-3693-0200-2.ch002.f01

Specifications

  • MF: C16H23N3OS

  • MW: 305.4g/mol

  • IUPAC Name: 2-tert-butylimino-5-phenyl-3-propan-2-yl-1,3,5-thiadiazinan-4-one

  • Isomeric SMILES:

  • CC(C)N1C(=NC(C)(C)C)SCN(C1=O)C2=CC=CC=C2

Formulation Type

It is marketed under the trade names Applaud, Maestro, Podium, Profezon, Sunprofezinm, and Viappla and is available in DP, GR, SC, and WP forms.

Dose

Buprofezin is an insecticide with persistent larvicidal action against Homopterans, some coleopterans and also Acarina. It is found to be effective against Cicadellidae, Delphinidae, and Deltocephalinae in rice when applied at the rate of 50-250g a.i./ha; mealybug in grapes, Whiteflies in citrus, cotton and vegetables@ 250 -750ga.i./ha; scale insects and mealybugs (Pseudococcidae) in citrus and top fruit @ 25-50g a.i./ha and yellow mite in chillies @ 75-150ga.i./ha.

Mode of Action

Buprofezin is a persistent insecticide and acaricide which acts as a chitin synthesis inhibitor (type-1). It interferes with cuticle deposition and also affects hormone levels of nymphs associated with molting and prostaglandin synthesis, eventually leading to death Additionally, it prevents adults from ovipositing. It does not translocate in plants and serves as a contact and stomach poison.

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