The chapter focuses on the problem that is currently one of the priorities among the existing psychological and social issues that require special attention and immediate solutions. In particular, the authors argue that deviant manifestations in teenagers' behavior from among orphaned children and children left without parental care can and should be stopped with the help of such a social institution as the replacement family is today. In this context, crime prevention assumes that a substitute family for children left without parental care becomes a place where the child finds a use for their opportunities and initiative. The chapter aims to determine the existing social and psychological characteristics of orphaned children and children left without parental care that determine the development and manifestation of deviant behavior in them. Prevention of deviant behavior of foster children, carried out by various state and public organizations, among which the family plays a particularly important role and contributes to the resolution of existing individual problems.
Top2. Review Of Literature And Sources
According to the Ministry of education of the Russian Federation on October 1, 2019, the data Bank of orphaned children consists of 45.2 thousand people (in 2013, there were 68.8 thousand such children, in 2018 – 115.6 thousand) (Internet project “usynovite.ru,” 2020; Emelianenko, 2018).
According to the Ministry of education and science of the Russian Federation, “the number of orphans and children left without parental care who are raised in substitute families is decreasing in the total number of orphans and children left without parental care” (see Figure 1) (Federal State Statistics Service, n.d.).
Figure 1. The share of orphans and children left without parental care, raised in substitute families, in the total number of these categories of children
Currently, the share of graduates of residential institutions who have successfully socialized in modern society remains low. During the meeting of the working group of the Public Council under the children's Ombudsman, dedicated to the issues of respect for the rights of children left without parental care and prevention of social orphanhood, the presidential Commissioner for children's rights A. Kuznetsova announced an increase in the number of orphans under 18 years of age, sentenced to serve sentences in educational colonies. So, in 2015, their number was 220 people in 2016 – 271. This is 23% more than in the previous year. At the same time, the share of such children from the total number of convicts is growing (RNA News, 2017). In this regard, it is now necessary to carefully study the social and psychological and pedagogical aspects of the emergence and manifestations of deviant behavior of orphaned children and children left without parental care, living in substitute families.
First of all, deviant behavior, deviations are expressed in contradiction or deviation from existing social norms and traditions in society (Morozov & Nikitov, 2017). Domestic researchers, considering deviant behavior as a real socio-pedagogical problem, note that its essence is expressed, first of all, in the assimilation of harmful or illegal forms of behavior by a particular person and their transfer to working relationships with other people (Kremneva & Kadurina, 2019; Morozov & Nikitov, 2016).
According to the existing empirically confirmed evidence, the most dangerous age, from entering the field of abnormal activity, is from 14 to 22 years. In this age range, two major psychological and social factors are combined: