Wireless sensor networks (WSN) consist of large numbers of sensor nodes, which are limited in battery power and communication range and have multi-modal sensing capabilities. In this chapter, energy-efficient data aggregation technique is proposed to improve the lifetime of the sensor. Here, the author has used three layer architecture by deploying mobile element/node, which can periodically visit cluster heads (CHs) at which first level data aggregation has been applied to eliminate redundancy. After collecting data from all CHs, mobile element itself will perform second level of data aggregation to eliminate further redundancy. After collecting data from CHs, mobile element will move towards base station/sink and transmits data to base station/sink in order to save energy of entire network. Here, the author has made an attempt to prove that in WSN during data gathering if mobile elements are used to collect the aggregated data from CHs, energy consumption of the entire network will be reduced. The proposed data aggregation with mobile node helps in improving the lifetime of the WSN.
Top1. Introduction
Gamification is the process of emerging gaming elements into non-gaming applications. It is a way of finding out the solution to a problem or task-based with the predefined gaming constraints.
Augmented Reality (AR) is an interaction between the user’s real-time environment with the digital technology where the objects produced in the virtual world generated by the AR hardware like headsets, handheld displays, sunglasses, etc. Virtual Reality (VR) is an interaction of three dimensional environments in which the user experiences the real world simulation.
Computer generated Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) is the key advances of Virtual Prototyping. They are straightforward User interfaces to a virtual plan space and encourage an intuitive investigation of the usefulness of another item. VR implies a completely PC produced, three-dimensional condition, in which the specialist can associate with and control a practical portrayal of the item continuously. AR goes one stage past: rather than VR, AR advances the client's view on this present reality with virtual items, which are put at perfect time and position with respect to client's point of view.
The transition from real environment to virtual environment describing about Milgram and Kishino (1994) based on different combinations of real and virtual objects. Fig1.1. Illustrating about augmented reality is the next step of the real environment. Mixed reality is also called as hybrid reality which is the combination of augmented reality, augmented virtual reality and other mixed configurations. Augmented Virtuality is capable to comprise interpersonal tangible gestures, drawing and verbal expression, colored by means of every interactor’s special persona of look and reactive conduct that is paramount in gaining a honest and trusting relationship inside the touchy nature of innovative exchange.
Figure 1.
Transition from Real Environment to Virtual Environment.
Top2. Augmented Reality Devices
Although the time period Augmented truth is surprisingly new, early traits in the technological know-how can be traced as a long way as 1900s. Howard Grub, an Irish telescope maker patented a gadget referred to as the collimating reflector. Its principal motive was once to allow larger accuracy when capturing firearms via augmenting the crosshair view precisely at the user’s goal vision. It tried to clear up a pertinent undertaking of the human eye of being in a position to center of attention solely at one object at a time. Grubb’s invention stimulated the improvement of a variety of army gun sights.
There are four different types of augmented reality devices are available now.
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Heads up displays
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Holographic displays
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Smart glasses
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Handheld devices
Heads up Displays(HUD): Toshiba developed AR head mounted display which is called as Toshiba Dyan Edge AR100 Viewer composed of noise removal microphones and programmable buttons which is shown in the following fig 2.1. It was easily fitted in traditional sun glasses.
Figure 2.
Toshiba Dhyan Edge head mount Display
Heads up displays have been ordinarily invented for mission imperative functions like flight controllers and weapons device dashboards. Critical records are projected on obvious displays set up in the front of the pilot. This permits pilots to appear ahead backyard instead than searching down internal the cockpit. Like Grub’s collimating reflector, HUDs tried to resolve the hassle of moving focal point through the use of a kind of collimating projector. The data projected is collimated (parallel mild rays) centered on infinity so that the pilot’s eyes do now not want to refocus to view backyard the cockpit.