Humans have always sought a place for safe living with the comforts and facilities to do decent work and for the family's healthy growth. This chapter aims to guide understanding smart and sustainable cities by presenting a survey of chronological aspects, elements and components of smart cities, smart cities' indicators, solutions to city problems, and other aspects related to smart cities. The authors also propose a Smart and Sustainable Cities Puzzle that contains the main components of a smart city to which various pieces of the puzzle can be added depending on the characteristics and needs of the city, indicators of smart cities; the idea is that trafficking in a city with technological elements allows citizens to better their quality of life, but that there must be optimum management (minimisation and maximisation) of all components involved in the city order to optimise time, money, and effort. This chapter can serve as a basis for experts' academic knowledge and professional practice in sensors and decision-makers.
TopIi. History Of The Smart Cities
For the concept of the knowledge society, Drucker (1959) proposed the term “initial knowledge workers”; later, Drucker (1969) proposed that knowledge replaces the work, mentions that the material resources and capital are the main production source, and allows growth and social differences, which gave rise to the term “knowledge society”. Financial information and knowledge society are addressed in the global work implications of the information's society (Porat, 1978). Bell (1999) proposes a postindustrial society as the combination of encoding theoretical knowledge and the relationship with the science of technology.
The safe city concept is practically new and is handled as a result of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED). This was a term used for the first time in 1971 by the criminologist Clarence Ray Jeffery. In 1989, external CERN network connections gave rise to the Internet that we currently know. Howard (1965) proposes the term garden city; this may be the first reference to a green city in history. Howard proposes this city planning for some 30 new towns in the United Kingdom.
Brambilla (1992) mentions that urbanisation is the process whereby a sufficiently large number of people is concentrated in a specific area of land and prepares citizens with the infrastructure needed to fulfil activities and provide the largest possible comfort. Douligeris (1993) proposes the term intelligent home systems. Motiwalla, Yap, and Ngoh (1993) propose the term intelligent island by proposing a national information infrastructure (NII) and Singapore's national information technology (IT).
The Kyoto Protocol was created to limit CO2 emissions, protect the global environment, and influence modern and industrialised cities.
Soong (1997) presents a vision of an Intelligent Island of the future (Singapore) in situating information technology and Intelligent Island discourse within the discourses of postcoloniality, techno-capitalism, late modernity and globalisation.
Newman and Kenworthy (1999) comment on the urban aspects of sustainability and how it applies to cities and manages transportation or automobile dependence.
Kevin Ashton spoke for the first time in 1999 on the concept of the Internet of Things, but this was not published in a journal until 2009 (Ashton, 2009).
OECD (1999) mentions that the term 'learning' in 'learning cities' covers both individual and institutional learning. Individual learning refers to acquiring knowledge, skills and understanding for individual people, whether formally or informally.