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Role and Challenges of Bioprinting in Bone Tissue Engineering

Role and Challenges of Bioprinting in Bone Tissue Engineering

Sudipto Datta (Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India), Ranjit Barua (Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, India), and Samir Das (Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India)
Copyright: © 2023 |Pages: 14
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-6684-7412-9.ch012
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Abstract

Bone grafting is a type of surgery for reconstructing damaged and defective bones by medical professionals. But the surgery is very complex and challenging as it needs precise and accurate skills of the medical professionals, and it is costly and time-consuming. The grafted bone size and shape should match the targeted area. To overcome these challenges, bioprinting comes into play. By using bioprinting technology, the exact structure that is to be fitted in the targeted location can be fabricated by scanning the target using a 3D scanner or taking medical images like MRI or CT scan and then reverse engineering the same structure needed for the target location using bioprinting technology, which ultimately improves the patient's quality of life and satisfaction. In this chapter, various types of bioprinting types for bone scaffold fabrication, the materials which are used for fabricating bone scaffolds like bioceramic, metals, and polymers are described as well as the limitations and challenges are described briefly.
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2. Materials

Natural bones are very complex in structure based on the different locations of the body. Composite materials can be categorized into different components such as 60% inorganic and 30% of organic materials. The chief components are crystals of hydroxyapatite crystals and organic materials like collagen 1, collagen 5, 3% lipid, and 5 to 10% water. Usually, the bones of humans are classified as compact bone, cancellous bone, and spongy bone. Osteoblast forms original bone tissues in osteoids form that are a composite of other proteins and collagen (Sreenivasan et al., 2016). The bone implant cytocompatibility and its products of degradation is also a significant factor during the consideration of the application of the tissue engineering of bone. The implants of the bone must permit addition for refraction cell differentiation deprived of any adverse effects and immunogenic rejection. Bone tissue Engineering covers bioactivity, osteoconductivity, and osteoinductivity which played an important role during the primary biological process at the implant site (Hossein et al., 2020).

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