Revolutionizing Agricultural Sustainability and Food Security and Management to Achieve SDGs Goals via Nanotechnology

2.1 GIS Remote Sensing

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) encompass computer software as well as hardware which utilize both feature attributes and location in order to generate maps (Lucas & Chhajed, 2004). Within agriculture, GIS serves crucial functions, including the storage of various layers of information such as yield data, soil survey maps, remotely sensed information, crop scouting reports, and soil nutrient levels (Barrett et al., 2014). When combined with big data sources obtained from earth observation satellites, UAVs, and ground sensors such as temperature and moisture sensors, GIS tools collect vast amounts of data, which are then analyzed in different forms such as visual images, audio, and video for weather forecasting purposes (Kamilaris et al., 2017). Remote sensing has emerged as a pivotal method for gathering geographical data without the need for physical contact with the target areas. Utilizing satellite imagery, remote sensing enables the mapping of geographical features and characteristics of specific areas (Ma et al., 2015). Countries across the globe are launching satellites to collect real-time agricultural data. For instance, the United States operates eight Landsat satellites, which capture the spectral data from planet Earth approximately every 16 or 18 days. Additionally, the European Sentinel program includes two satellites that provide multispectral data at a 10-meter pixel resolution, covering aspects such as NDVI imagery, soil and water cover at every 10 days. Other satellites, such as RapidEye, GeoEye-1, and WorldView-3, offer varying resolutions and spectral capabilities, enabling detailed observations of agricultural landscapes (Rubio Saiz Verónica and Más Rovira Francisco, 2020). Numerous studies have also emphasized upon the potential applications of the thermal technologies involved in the remote sensing for assessing the nutritional status of various field crops (Khanal et al., 2017; Rudd et al., 2017).