Plant Extract-Based Silver Nanoparticles and Their Bioactiviy Investigations

Plant Extract-Based Silver Nanoparticles and Their Bioactiviy Investigations

Dharshini Perumal, Nur Farahah Mohd Khairuddin, Jie Hui Wong, Che Azurahanim Che Abdullah
Copyright: © 2023 |Pages: 24
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-6684-7358-0.ch004
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Abstract

Green synthesised nanoparticles are a new source of inspiration for clinical research, as this method uses natural materials, such as plant-derived materials, for synthesis. Green nanoparticle synthesis using plant extracts is simple, inexpensive, chemicals, resulting in biologically active shape- and size-dependent products with no contaminants or byproducts. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have unique physiochemical properties and promising biological applications. To assess AgNPs' functionality, they must be characterized. Natural compounds found in plant extracts reduce and stabilise AgNPs. Green synthesis is more environmentally friendly than conventional methods, but many questions remain. To understand the plant-mediated process, many studies are needed. This proposed book chapter examines the synthesis, characterization, and bio activities of green-synthesised AgNPs. The goal is to provide an overview of green AgNP synthesis and their bioactivity assessment.
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1. Introduction

Nanotechnology is emerging as a new field of study in the modern era. It is concerned with the production of nanomaterials and nanoparticles. Nanotechnology-related multidisciplinary research has revolutionized numerous fields, including biotechnology, material science, biochemistry, botany, and polymer science (Gupta et al., 2020). Nanoparticles are nanometre-sized particles (1 to 100 nm) that dominate global research (Joseph et al.,2021). Nanoparticles exhibit extraordinary physical strength, chemical reactivity, optical effects, electrical conductivity, and magnetism owing to their small sizing. Nanoparticles exhibit unique properties such as a large surface-to-volume ratio and a strong quantum confinement effect, in addition to other biological, physical, and chemical characteristics that make them superior to bulk materials (Adebayo-Tayo et al., 2019). Figure 1, displays nanoparticles are used in a variety of fields (Almasoud et al., 2021; Ijaz et al., 2020).

Figure 1.

Applications of nanoparticles in various fields

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1.1 Approaches for Nanoparticle Fabrication

Traditionally, nanoparticle fabrication has been accomplished through either a top-down or bottom-up approach, as illustrated in Figure 2. While, both techniques, employ distinct synthesis principles, they both result in nanoparticles with the desired properties. Bulk materials were fragmented into bit-to-bit particles using a top-down approach, resulting in the fine production of nanoparticles. These nanoparticles were created using photolithographic techniques, grinding, sputtering, and milling. The top-down approach is a viable technique capable of producing nanoparticles on a large scale. However, the disadvantages of top-down processing include the fact that it is expensive, time consuming, results in surface structural defects, and, in some cases, damages nanoparticles (Patil & Chandrasekaran, 2020). The bottom-up approach entails the assembly of nanoparticles from individual atoms, molecules, or clusters. Chemical, electrochemical, sol-gel, chemical vapor deposition, pyrolysis, and bio-assisted synthesis techniques are used to synthesize nanoparticles (Habibullah et al., 2021; Ijaz et al., 2020). Bottom-up approaches are becoming increasingly advantageous and are now frequently used for nanoparticle synthesis.

Figure 2.

Top-down and bottom-up nanoparticle synthesis

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