Abstract
For the past 100 years, film has been almost the exclusive medium for capturing, storing, and displaying radiographic images. Film is a fixed medium with usually only one set of images available. Today, the radiologic sciences are on the brink of a new age. In particular, Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS) technology allows for a near filmless process with all of the flexibility of digital systems. PACS consists of image acquisition devices, storage archiving units, display stations, computer processors, and database management systems. These components are integrated by a communications network system. Filmless radiology is a method of digitizing traditional films into electronic files that can be viewed and saved on a computer. This technology generates clearer and easier-to-read images, allowing the patient the chance of a faster evaluation and diagnosis. The time saved may prove to be a crucial element in facilitating the patient’s treatment process. With filmless radiology, images taken from various medical sources can be manipulated to enhance resolution, increasing the clarity of the image. Images can also be transferred internally within hospital departments and externally to other locations such as the office of the patient’s doctor or medical specialist in other parts of the world. This is made possible through the picture-archiving and communication system (Dreyer, Mehta, & Thrall, 2001), which electronically captures, transmits, displays, and saves images into digital archives for use at any given time. The PACS functions as a state-of-the-art repository for long-term archiving of digital images, and includes the backup and bandwidth to safeguard uninterrupted network availability. The objective of the picture-archiving and communications system is to improve the speed and quality of clinical care by streamlining radiological service and consultation. With instant access to images from virtually anywhere, hospital doctors and clinicians can improve their work processes and speed up the delivery of patient care. Besides making film a thing of the past, the likely benefits would include reduced waiting times for images and reports, and the augmented ability of clinicians since they can get patient information and act upon it much more quickly. It also removes all the costs associated with hard film and releases valuable space currently used for storage. According to Dr. Lillian Leong, Chairman of the Radiology IT Steering Group of the Hong Kong Medical Authroity, a single hospital can typically save up to 2.5 million Hong Kong dollars (approximately US$321,000) a year in film processing cost (Intel, 2007). The growing importance of PACS on the fight against highly infectious disease such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is also identified (Zhang & Xue, 2003). In Hong Kong, there was no PACS-related project until the establishment of Tseung Kwan O Hospital (TKOH) in 1998. The TKOH is a 600-bed acute hospital with a hospital PACS installed for the provision of filmless radiological service. The design and management of the PACS for patient care was discussed in the first edition of this encyclopedia (Tong & Wong, 2005). The TKOH was opened in 1999 with PACS installed. At the beginning, due to immature PACS technologies, the radiology service was operating with film printing. A major upgrade was done in 2003 for the implementation of server clustering, network resilience, liquid crystal display (LCD), smart card, and storage-area-network (SAN) technologies. This upgrade has greatly improved the reliability of the system. Since November 2003, TKOH has started filmless radiology service for the whole hospital. It has become one of the first filmless hospitals in the Greater China region (Seto, Tsang, Yung, Ching, Ng, & Ho, 2003; Tsou, Goh, Kaw, & Chee, 2003).
Key Terms in this Chapter
Option: By definition, gives the holder the right, but not the obligation, to take ownership of an underlying asset at a future point in time.
M-commerce: The use of mobile devices to improve performance, create value, and enable efficient transactions among businesses, customers, and employees.
Network Interface Card (NIC): The device that enables a workstation to connect to the network and communicate with other computers. NICs are manufactured by several different companies and come with a variety of specifications that are tailored to the workstation’s and the network’s requirements.
User Interface: An aspect of a wireless device or a piece of software which can be seen (or heard or otherwise perceived) by the human user, and the commands and mechanisms the user uses to control its operation and input data.
Standards: Documented agreements containing technical specifications or other precise criteria that are used as guidelines to ensure that materials, products, processes, and services suit their intended purpose.
Access Point Device: The device that bridges wireless networking components and a wired network. It forwards traffic from the wired side to the wireless side and from the wireless side to the wired side as needed.
UBS (Universal Serial Bus) Port: A standard external bus that can be used to connect multiple types of peripherals, including modems, mice, and network adaptors to a computer.
NPV: The present value of an investment’s future net cash flows minus the initial investment. If positive, the investment should be made (unless an even better investment exists); otherwise it should not.
Investment: An item of value purchased for income or capital appreciation.
Voice Recognition: A technology that enables computers to recognize the human voice, translate it into program code, and act upon the voiced commands.