Particle Swarm Optimization of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems

Introduction

The world energy scenario refers to the current state of global energy production, consumption, and distribution. Energy is an essential resource for modern societies and is used in various forms such as electricity, transportation fuels, and heat. The world's energy mix is made up of various sources including fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas, as well as renewable sources such as solar, wind, hydro, and geothermal energy. Currently, the world's energy demand is growing rapidly due to population growth, urbanization, and industrialization. However, there are concerns over the environmental impact of traditional energy sources, particularly greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels, which contribute to climate change. As a result, there is a growing interest in transitioning towards cleaner and more sustainable energy sources. This shift is driven by a combination of factors including environmental concerns, technological advancements, and policies promoting renewable energy adoption. The world energy scenario is complex, and there are many factors at play that shape the energy mix in different regions. Understanding the current state of global energy production and consumption is crucial for policymakers, businesses, and individuals to make informed decisions about energy use and future investments in energy infrastructure(Anand et al., 2022).

The renewable energy scenario has been rapidly evolving over the past decade as the world moves towards cleaner and more sustainable energy sources. Renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, and biomass are becoming increasingly competitive with traditional fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas. One of the main drivers of the renewable energy scenario has been the declining cost of renewable energy technologies, particularly solar and wind power. Advances in technology, economies of scale, and policy incentives have made renewable energy more accessible and affordable than ever before. As a result, the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix has been steadily increasing. In 2020, renewable energy accounted for nearly 30% of the world's electricity generation capacity, with the majority coming from hydropower, wind, and solar. Many countries have set ambitious targets to increase their use of renewable energy and reduce their dependence on fossil fuels. For example, the European Union aims to achieve 32% of its final energy consumption from renewable sources by 2030, while China has set a target of reaching 35% of its total electricity capacity from non-fossil fuels by 2030. Despite the progress made in the renewable energy sector, there are still challenges to overcome. One of the main challenges is the intermittency of some renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power, which can make it difficult to provide reliable and stable energy supply. However, advances in energy storage technologies are helping to address this challenge. Overall, the renewable energy scenario is promising, and the transition towards cleaner and more sustainable energy sources is essential to mitigate the effects of climate change and ensure a more sustainable future for the planet(Tripathi et al., 2016).

Optimization of hybrid renewable energy systems involves finding the best combination of renewable energy sources and energy storage systems to meet the energy demands of a given system or application. Hybrid renewable energy systems combine multiple renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, hydro, and biomass to provide a more reliable and cost-effective energy supply than a single source alone.