Optimization of Multi-Objective Emperor Penguin Handovers Over Dissimilar Networks

1. Introduction

Each of the various forms of communication technology that have emerged has been developed separately to cater to certain data, coverage, or portability needs. There are benefits and drawbacks to using these various forms of communication technology. There is currently no technology that can meet the needs of a sizable user base while also allowing for high bandwidth, high mobility, and a huge service area. An approach based on establishing interconnections between devices allows for this such that the benefits of integrating different technologies result in minimizing their shortcomings. The term “heterogeneous networks” stems from combining multiple telecommunication technologies to leverage their additional properties. The flexibility of heterogeneous networks allows users to hop between several access points, each of which may offer a somewhat different set of features and capabilities. In addition, by distributing traffic across many access technologies, heterogeneous networks can help alleviate mobile network congestion. Rather than focusing on just one service or application, heterogeneous networks offer a variety of services, which allows not only the presence of different kinds of traffic within the network but also the capacity for a single network to accommodate all applications without sacrificing the quality of service. Because of their rapid and massive rollout, mobile networks will be composed of a collection of heterogeneous systems operated by separate companies and linked together via access networks. Mobile terminals will function as network multi-interfaces, allowing them to seamlessly switch between different communication systems. Users should be able to seamlessly switch between networks on this heterogeneous infrastructure. Networks need to be built on top of already-existing infrastructure by linking already-deployed networks.

Telecommunications companies have made substantial investments in third-generation networks, and customers now have several options from which to pick. Today's telecommunications infrastructure is based entirely on heterogeneous systems, allowing customers to seamlessly switch between networks without disrupting their connections. Simple switching techniques between networks are required to guarantee an operational connection in every service zone. Moreover, a mobile terminal capable of functioning on different access technologies is consequently required. Therefore, it is possible to categorize the needs of various networks into two major categories. First is that the operators are tasked with ensuring interoperability and facilitating changeover procedures across various access technologies; secondly, a set of metrics concerns the efficiency with which endpoint devices may access and use network services. Figure 1 shows a heterogenous network (Naresh M et al., 2020).

Radio waves are transmitted and received for wireless communication between mobile users. A centralized or decentralized medium access control (MAC) system can manage radio spectrum access. Figure 1 depicts a typical mobile user communication paradigm, which employs a centralized MAC mechanism in which a mobile user connects with other users via a base station. This form of network is sometimes referred to as an infrastructure network. In this setup, the base station is in charge of dividing up available wireless bandwidth across different mobile devices. The advantage of this method of allocating network resources is that it allows for the management and planning of mobile user interference from the perspective of the wireless system as a whole, allowing for the throughput, dependability, speed, and fairness of the network as a whole to be optimized. The potential for latency experienced by mobile users interested in direct communication is a significant downside of this network design.

Figure 1.

Heterogeneous Network

Figure 2.

Adhoc Network