Abstract
Corianderum sativum L. commonly known as coriander is an annual herb. It belongs to the family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae). It is a well-known herb all around the world because of its food, culinary, and medicinal uses. It is a source of many phytochemicals such as polyphenols, essential oil, reducing sugars, carotinoids, terpenoids, glycosides, sterols, isocoumarins, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, fatty acids, and coumarins. Coriander sativum also contains high nutritional values of carbohydrates, fibers, oils, proteins, along with wide range of vitamins, minerals, and trace elements. Due to the easy collection of the plant and its widespread uses and also its remarkable biological activities, this plant has become the food and medicine in many parts of the world. The primary objective of this study is to present comprehensive analyzed information on the botanical, chemical, pharmacological aspects of C. sativum along with its applications in the biogenic synthesis.
Top1. Introduction
Scientific of name coriander is Coriandrum Sativum L. Long ago it is used as a culinary herb (Mandal, Mandal, 2015). The name of coriander originates from “korannon”. Korannon is also originates from two Greece words “koris” and “annon”. But the genus “Coriandrum” is first used by Pliny the Elder (Burdock, Carabin, 2009). Coriander belongs to the family Apiaceae, which is previously named as Umbelliferae due to the reason the flowers are produced in the form of umbels/clusters (Laribi, 2015; Davis, 1970). Coriander is small and an annual herb. It originates from the Middle East, India, Mediterranean countries, Latin America, Africa, and Southeast Asia cuisine. It is called as dhania, cilantro and cilantrillo in some countries, while in other countries it is called as Arab parsley, Chinese parsley, Mexican parsley and Yuen sai as well (Aissaoui, 2008). However, coriander and cilantro are used for the same thing, but in fact they have the change meanings. Green freshly harvested coriander leaves are called cilantro and coriander is used for the herb when dried fruits are harvested (Abascal, Yarnell, 2012). Depending upon the climate conditions its crop can be cultivated in summer or in winter. The coriander plant grows worldwide (Randall, 2013). At first coriander originates from the Mediterranean areas, but now mostly grown in the equatorial regions such as Romania, Ukraine, Mexico, Morocco, Russia, Argentina, and India (Priyadarshi, 2016). In different areas the coriander has the different regional names. Some regional names are as; it is called as Dhaniwal in Kashmiri; Dhania in Oddiya and Punjabi; Dhane in Bengali; Kothimbir in Marathi; Viral dhania in Tamil; kisnis in Turkish; Coriander fruits in English; Dhaniya in Hindi etc (Evans, 2002; Diederichsen, 1996; Nimish, 2011). The suitable temperature range for the coriander to germinate and grow is 20-25 °C a cool and comparatively frost dry places. The germination of coriander is temperature dependent and takes about 10-15 days to germinate. Mostly coriander grows well in dried weather conditions. But coriander can grow in any type of soil such as loamy soil, light, moist, well- drained, light soil and as well as in heavy black soil (Bhat, 2014). Coriander is a soft herb. It usually grows up to the height of 20 in. Leaves of coriander are irregular in shape. Mostly, at the base of the plant the leaves are lobed in shape and slender and feathery leaves are present on the flowering stems of the plant. All parts of coriander are used for eating but most commonly seeds and leaves are used in cooking (Samuelson,). The flowers are produced in small clusters and are asymmetrical. These flowers are white or light pink in colour. The flower petals which originate away from the center of the umbel are longer (5–6 mm) than those pointing toward it (only 1–3 mm). C. sativum seeds are ovate and globular dry schizocarp and have two mericarps. Seeds have many lengthwise ridges on its surface. Mostly they possess a sweetened, a bit suffocating, citrus-like flavor as sage (Mandal, Mandal, 2015; Burdock, Carabin, 2009; Laribi, 2015; Davis, 1970).