Nanomaterials for Sustainable Pest and Disease Management in Agriculture

1. Introduction

Plant disease has been a main consideration impacting food creation and human cultural improvement more than millennia. All through the early rural period, the event of plant sickness pestilences and bugs was viewed as a discipline from the divine beings and plain plant infection the executives’ approaches were very restricted (Späti et al., 2021) . Every year, 20%-40% of yields are disappeared because of plant bugs and microbes. Existing plant sickness the executives depends prevalently on poisonous pesticides that are possibly hurtful to people and the climate (Singh et al., 2023). Plant infection results from complex communications among biotic and abiotic factors including hosts, microbes, and conditions, to which ought to be added vectors for certain illnesses and human exercises that change the collaboration purposefully or inadvertently through horticultural practices, for example, trimming frameworks, obstruction quality arrangement and use of pesticides (Lamichhane et al., 2024).Furthermore, the potential of nanomaterials in countering resistance development in pests and pathogens is discussed, presenting a sustainable alternative to current agricultural practices. Environmental and economic aspects of adopting nanomaterial-based strategies are deliberated, along with challenges related to toxicity, regulatory frameworks, and scalability. This concludes by highlighting the integration of nanomaterials into precision agriculture and smart farming systems, underscoring their potential to revolutionize pest and disease management, fostering a more resilient and sustainable agricultural sector. The adoption of nanomaterials holds promise for achieving effective control while minimizing the ecological footprint associated with traditional pest and disease management practices.

Insect pests and vectors of creature and plant illnesses are a significant requirement to the improvement of horticultural efficiency, and a consistent danger to food security and vocations, especially in less evolved nations (Pandey et al., 2023). Given commonly low yields and the general absence of huge food saves, when sickness plagues happened food deficiencies could undoubtedly create bringing about grievous impacts on human culture -, for example, the Irish Starvation brought about by potato late curse during the 1840s and the 1943 Bengal starvation brought about by rice earthy brown spot significant requirements to crop productivity by directly harming the harvest and by causing plant focuses on that decline yields. Around the world, pre-collect and post-gather misfortunes to bugs, weeds, and plant microorganisms are assessed at 45% (Pandey et al., 2023); additional losses can be attributed to vertebrate pests. These misfortunes happen even with the utilization of synthetic pesticides and safe assortments. Neither establishing more useful assortments nor putting an expanded land region under creation can address the issue for food if yield and post-collect misfortunes because of nuisances stay at the ongoing level(Wang, 2020).