This chapter describes a design of prototype of mobile heart monitoring system based on the Texas Instruments ADS1298R ECG front end and NRF52832 wireless data transmission chip. The described design and technical details allow developing a new mobile heart monitoring system consisting of ECG recording device, mobile computer (smartphone or tablet). The algorithm for ECG recovery using a reverse filter, whose parameters are determined by means of bioimpedance measurement, is described. The new algorithm of J-point detection is described and examined on the test ECG database. The detection rate is from 88% to 93%. It will allow mobile monitoring system to inform the user about any signs of dangerous heart condition in ECG. The chapter also describes experimental results of wireless protocol bandwidth and contact break detection. The results confirm the efficiency of the proposed technical solutions to mobile heart monitoring for wide range of applications from sports and fitness to monitoring for medical reasons.
TopIntroduction
Nowadays heart disease is an important medical and social problem, the leading reason of human death and physical dysfunction. Modern trends in the heart diagnostics are mobility, wearable devices, ease of use and user-friendly interface.
Currently, portable systems for disease diagnosis and monitoring of human functional state are becoming more common. The market is growing due to increasing demand for information technologies in medicine and the policy of many countries of strengthening the health of their population.
Wearable devices of control and diagnostics of cardiovascular system are the leaders among popular medical devices. “This technology for improving public awareness of health metrics and for the early diagnosis of cardiac symptoms is quite promising” (Bruining, Caiani, Chronaki, Guzik, & van der Velde, 2014, p. 12). Modern technologies allow to design and develop a miniature wearable device for recording of functional state parameters of the person. For their work it is necessary to improve the classical tools and the algorithms for registration and processing of ECG, because work in free movement conditions is characterized by high noise level and smaller number of measurement channels, therefore it requires more energy efficiency.
One of the unsolved problems of modern health care is the risk of sudden cardiac death. This risk affects both the elderly people with known heart disease, and young people who have no idea about their health problems. To reduce the risk of sudden cardiac death it is necessary to improve portable systems recording and processing of ECG, both in hardware and software by improving the methods and means of processing, applying them in free movement conditions. Portable computing devices, such as smartphones or tablets, could increase the effectiveness of heart monitoring (Reyss & Balandin, 2010). The fundamentals of proposed solutions are given in (Kuzmin, Safronov, Bodin, Petrovsky, & Sergeenkov, 2016a) and (Safronov, Kuzmin, Bodin, Baranov, Trofimov, & Tychkov, 2019).
The improvement of portable systems for ECG monitoring is an actual scientific task. This task is complex and it involves hardware engineering, software development, algorithms, experimental studies etc. Two basic aspects that are chosen for current research are:
TopState Of The Art
A lot of modern solutions for mobile heart monitoring could be used under free movement conditions. Some of them are described below.
AliveCor’s Kardia Mobile is a modern device used to measure the heart rate and cardiac rhythm (AliveCor, 2016). It is used for recording, storing and transmitting data. The device connects to any portable computer with iOS or Android. It is automatically turned on and connected with AliveCor’s application via wireless connection. It informs the user with valuable information of the heart rate that could be used for the early detection of arrhythmia.
With all the advantages – ease of use and accessibility for users, the device has significant drawbacks. First of all, this a short time of ECG records, which does not allow a full diagnosis of the heart condition. ECG analysis is available in clinical version only. It checks only one standard allocation that imposes restrictions on the use of the device in free movement conditions.
AliveCor monitor is also used as a platform for some third-party projects. For example, CardiaCare is an application for visualizing a cardiogram on the screen of the smartphone and detecting arrhythmias (CardiaCare, 2012).
eMotion Faros ECG is a remote ECG monitoring system (eMotion mobile FAROS sensor for ECG, HRV, 2019) The solution contains ECG sensor and eMotion ECG Mobile software for real-time ECG monitoring. Continuous monitoring in real time is possible at home and at work. This solution is mostly focused on remote ECG analysis by the specialist. Report can be obtained after the analysis is done. The alarming system for reporting problems with patients or device is also provided. Additional functionality is available with HRV Scanner software.