Communications refer to exchanging information between various entities, such as humans, computers, organizations, agencies, and firms. During digital communication, data is transmitted between several computing devices. Here data transmission (datacom) takes place over a wired or wireless radio signal, fiber optic cable, or telephone line. A computer network which consists of group of digital devices enables gadgets to “speak” to one another according to their connection. Devices for communications use both wired and wireless connections. In communication over a wired connection, the devices are physically connected to one another. Devices used for wireless communication are not physically connected to one another during communication. Data and voice transmissions take place during the communication. The availability, accessibility, and efficiency are all improved through wireless transmission. The coverage area is increased by wireless networks. Despite the fact that wireless networks offer greater opportunities, there are often installation-related disadvantages with wireless communications.
WSN (Wireless Sensor Network)
A wireless sensor network (WSN) comprises many sensor nodes that gather environmental data and deliver it to a sink. WSNs also refer to a collection of specialized sensors that are distributed spatially and are used to track environmental and physical conditions, record them and organize the information at a central point. WSN is used in various industries including the military, the environment, healthcare, home and other businesses. Numerous elements such as fault tolerance, scalability, cost of manufacture, operational environment, transmission medium and power consumption impact the design of sensor networks. A wireless network composed of various wireless sensors called the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). In WSN, sensor nodes with an embedded CPU regulate and monitor the environment in a given space. They are connected to the Base Station (BS), which acts as the central processing node for the WSN System. To share data, the BS of a WSN system connected to the internet. Figure 1 depicts the user connection, internet, and WSNs (Geeks for Geeks, n.d.; Sharma et al., 2015).
WSNs are typically set up in a environment to watch over either static or dynamic events. Measuring static events (like temperature and humidity) is very simple. The drive of an unwelcome vehicle on a battlefield or the motion of whales in the ocean are examples of dynamic occurrences, which are often non-cooperative. It is difficult to monitor and unstable as they fluctuate (Fantin Irudaya Raj & Appadurai, 2022; Neelakandan et al., 2022; Thilakarathne et al., 2022). A certain protocol is needed for sensor networks to function well. For instance, a protocol can take the form of a particular application that aggregates data in a precise order and optimizes energy use. Hierarchical routing is the name given to this type of protocol.
Additionally, it has a data-centric routing protocol that defines a network environment. A sensor node also uses a data-centric method to execute sensing applications to find the best route from several sources to a single destination. A list of attribute-value pairs can define data from every node in a network termed attribute-based addresses, which explain how a node can reveal its availability to the entire sensor network. However, as the energy allotted for sensor nodes are often quite limited, it is imperative to improve wireless sensor networks' energy efficiency. Additionally, the complexity of wireless sensor network technology will expand as society becomes more dependent on it.
Figure 1. Wireless sensor networks and user.