Metals, Polymers, Ceramics, Composites Biomaterials Used in Additive Manufacturing for Biomedical Applications

1. Introduction

Additive manufacturing (AM), often referred to as 3D printing manufacturing technique,has surfaced as a viable advanced fabrication choice for creating complex geometry for application in technology-driven fields, including aerospace (Datta et al., 2020; Barua et al., 2021;Zadpooret al., 2017), automotive (Dämmer et al., 2022), healthcare (Kumar et al., 2022) (Barua et al., 2022), and modern dental science (Sehrawat et al., 2022). AM generates less material waste and scrap than other manufacturing processes like formative and subtractive techniques. In addition, it enables the fabrication of lightweight complex geometry, particularly porous or hollow, needing less energy and material input during production and service. Directed energy deposition, binder jetting, material extrusion, powder bed fusion, material jetting, vat photopolymerization, and sheet lamination are the seven types of AM recognized and specified by the ISO/ASTM 52900 standard [ISO]. However, not every ASTM categorization AM techniques are developed equally and employed for biomedical applications (Bobbert et al., 2017).