Abstract
On Liberty by J. S. Mill is on democracy, limitations to political power, as well as the shaping of modern democratic systems. This chapter aims to review a classic of political science in light of the current developments in the digital age and thus extract new light on the impact the new digital communication technologies have on the relationship between the state and the citizens around the world. The widespread use of social media and digital communications will have and is having deep and unavoidable impacts on the relationship between the state and citizens. However, such impacts raise both hopes of a better future for democracies and dictatorships as well as concerns of privacy, freedom of speech and thought, consistency of public policy, quality of governmental services, and even the legitimacy and lifetime of regimes. The theoretical tools of classical political science may, however, aid us in better understanding such processes and steering change for the best.
TopIntroduction
The world is in constant change. The relationships between the many social actors are also in permanent mutation and redefinitions. What variates over time is the nature of such changes, their causes and possible outcomes. As each phase in human history proposes different challenges, specific solutions must be devised, or unknown consequences must be faced. Our time’s new digital communication technologies have impacted the relationship between the State and citizens, as the title of this book suggests, but the real questions are of a deeper nature. Shifts in the relationship between the State and the people call for a re-shaping of political science and some dogmas on the functioning of Law and the State. In order to provide answers to such questions, we may turn to the classics of political science—those timeless works that survive the vicissitudes of time and that are therefore capable of providing new answers if read with new eyes.
On Liberty (Mill, 1989) is about democracy, the limitations to political power and to the actions of individuals that protect the ability of the people to pursue their dreams and aspirations as well as the shaping of modern democratic systems. At the time it was writ- ten, intellectuals in the advanced democracies could ignore what was happening in other parts of the world. This is no longer the case, as the extensive and profound integration of the globalized world and the consequent shared challenges are forcing the search for common answers (to shared questions) to advanced de- mocracies, young and consolidating ones and dictatorships alike. Today, we cannot afford devising answers and explanations to just one (small) part of the so-called “civilized world”.
The objective of this chapter is to review a classic of political science under in the light on the current processes and developments in the Digital Age and thus extract new light on the impact the new digital communication technologies are affecting the relationship between the State and the citizens around the world.
Some of the the questions that must be asked can be extracted from the letter by Mark Zukerberg, co-founder and CEO of Facebook to the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (Zukerberg, 2012):
[…] We hope to change how people relate to their governments and social institutions.
We believe building tools to help people share can bring a more honest and transparent dia- logue around government that could lead to more direct empowerment of people, more ac- countability for officials and better solutions to some of the biggest problems of our time.
By giving people the power to share, we are starting to see people make their voices heard on a different scale from what has historically been possible. These voices will increase in number and volume. They cannot be ignored. Over time, we expect governments will become more responsive to issues and concerns raised directly by all their people rather than through intermediaries controlled by a select few.
Through this process, we believe that lead- ers will emerge across all countries who are pro-internet and fight for the rights of their people, including the right to share what they want and the right to access all information that people want to share with them.[...]
Question 1: Is the relationship between governments and their peoples changing?
Question 2: What impact the new social media and digital communication technologies have in improving transparency and accountability by governments to their peoples?
Question 3: How are the roles of the representation system (in democracies) and the State bureaucracy (in both democracies and dictatorships) impacted by the new possibilities of direct participation, information gathering and sharing, and mobilization brought by the new social media and digital communication technologies? Mr. Zuckerberg’s words suggest that his answers to such questions are positive and optimistic, as fits the justification letter by a company’s CEO to its first IPO. However, answering them is no easy feat and the objective of this chapter is to use the traditional theory of political science expressed in John Stuart Mill’s paper On Liberty to search for (hope- fully) new and refreshing theoretical tools to search for answers to the questions above.
Key Terms in this Chapter
Tyranny (Modern): Unrestricted government, which can act freely according to its own will and independently from the consent and interests of the governed. In general libertarian theory, the freer the government, the less free the citizens, or in other words, tyrant government’s freedom of action result in citizens restricted in their freedom.
Representative democracy: The most common solution to the problem of frequently gathering all citizens for all discussions and decisions of direct democracies, as the population and territory of modern nation-states increased, representative democracy provides that a few citizens be chosen by the vote to all other citizens to represent the interests and aspirations of the political community in the government.
Direct Democracy: A form of government where the citizens are called to participate directly in every discussion and decision. Traditionally, direct democracy is only possible in relatively small communities where frequently gathering all citizens is not so cumbersome. Still, most representative democracies allow for some forms of direct democratic procedures such as referendums and plebiscites on occasion. Digital communications technologies are held as a promising new method to increasingly facilitate direct democracy in modern mass democracies.
Liberty (Mill’s): For the narrow purposes of this chapter, liberty can be defined as the condition in which an individual is restricted in his actions only by the possibility of harming others. This results in a very broad scope of action to societal actors, and a rather narrow one for the government, which can act only to protect the liberty of all individuals and guarantee that no harm is inflicted on any one of them.
Will of the Nation: One rather undefined term in Mill’s writing, refers to the compound of projects, desires, aspirations and objectives of a relevant national community. Determining what the will of the nation is in any real context is the business of politics to devise the actions of government, public policy and the rules that govern society’s life and the actions of the individuals. In democracies, the will of the nation is the result of the deliberations of the citizens, either directly or through their representatives.
Classical Democracy: Roughly a type of political regime that developed in some cities of Greece (esp. Athens) circa the fifth century BC and that consisted in all citizens gathering to discuss propose and decide policies, rules and actions in the government of the city.
Digital or E-Democracy: A relatively new and still loosely defined concept, refers to the use of modern digital communications technologies in the interactions between the citizens, civil society, and the business sec- tor with governmental agencies to inform, shape, help implement and evaluate policy, as well as to monitor the actions and results of government.