Internet of Things for Building a Smart and Sustainable Environment: A Survey

1.1 IoT Fundamentals: Definition, Key Components, IoT Communication Protocols for IoT Systems

The “Internet of Things” (IoT) is a system of networked computing devices, software applications, and physical objects that may collect and share data across various communication networks, such as the internet (Atzori, L., Iera, A., & Morabito, G. 2010) (Al-Fuqaha, A., Guizani, M., et al., 2015). Connecting everyday objects online so they may exchange data, make autonomous decisions, and share their experiences with humans and other systems is what the Internet of Things (IoT) is all about. Internet of Things systems rely on the following key components:

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  Physical devices that either collect data from the environment (sensors) or perform actions in the environment (actuators) are known as actuators and sensors, respectively. Sensors can also be motors, temperature sensors, or motion detectors.

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  Connection: IoT devices use a wide range of communication protocols to share data with one another, with other mobile devices, and with the cloud. Some popular networking methods include Bluetooth, cellphone networks, Internet Protocol (Wi-Fi), LoRaWAN, and Zigbee.

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  Data processing: Many IoT devices can process data in some way, allowing them to analyze data and perform preprocessing before sending it to a cloud service or another device. Examples of this include basic analytics, filtering, and aggregation.

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  Data Storage, Processing, and Analysis on the Cloud: Most Internet of Things (IoT) systems rely on cloud computing platforms to handle massive data sets. The scalability and flexibility provided by cloud services are ideal for applications that operate on the Internet of Things.

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  The Internet of Things (IoT) generates vast amounts of data, which need efficient data storage. Databases, data warehouses, or storage systems like Amazon S3 are the most common ways to achieve this purpose.

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  Machine learning and advanced analytics may glean useful insights from data collected by the Internet of Things (IoT), paving the way for optimization, anomaly detection, and predictive maintenance.

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  User Interface: Apps or dashboards let end-users interact with IoT systems; these provide them access to data in real-time, let them operate devices, and display insights visually.