Transportation is an essential part of human activity that allows people to move from one place to other places. Modern transportation systems refer to intelligent transportation systems (ITS). It has been proven that information and communication technology (ICT) has a significant role to improve the quality and security transportation services. ITS can be described as an integration of computer, electronics, and communication technologies and management strategies that can increase the efficiency and safety of transportation. The application is a platform that manages the vehicles, drivers, passengers, road operators, and managers in an environment that is suitable for everyone to communicate and interact. This chapter presents the history of transportation systems and the role of ICT to bring ITS in different transportation modes. The main motivation of the chapter is to survey the various technology-enabled ITS systems that have been in place, analyzing their strengths and providing recommendations for such ITS systems in developing countries to improve the governance.
TopIts And Its Developent
According to United Nation, the world population recently is about 7.6 billion and his population will increase by 83 million people every year (UN, 2017). In transportation sector, this means that the number of people who mobile also increases. This is indicated by the fact that the number of cars also increases incrementally. This condition will create problem such as pollution and traffic congestion. Pollution can decrease the convenience for the road users. Traffic congestion will cause further complicated problems such as creating stress and losing time for the road user. In business, traffic congestion means also losing revenue. Building new roads might be the solution but in fact this is not a good solution as this will invite people to buy cars. Moreover, the space of the earth is constant. Other conventional solution may not really solve the problems. So, a smart solution namely Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) are currently being looked at by most countries.
The concept of ITS has actually been initiated since 1980s. It combines high technology and improvements in information systems, communication, sensors, and advanced mathematical methods with the conventional world of surface transportation infrastructure (Sussman, 2005). Later, according to the European Union (EU) Directive 2010/40/EU, ITS is a system in which information and communication technologies are applied in the field of road transport to manage infrastructure, vehicles, users (passengers and decision makers), traffic flows and mobility within cities, and to interface with other modes of transport.
Figure 1. Intelligent transportation systems (ITS)
ITS is commonly devided into six elements: Advanced Traffic Management Systems (ATMS), Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS), Advanced Vehicle Control Systems (AVCS), Commercial Vehicle Operations (CVO), Advanced Public Transportation Systems (APTS), and Advanced Rural Transportation Systems (ARTS) (Sussman, 2005).
Figure 2. The element of intelligent transportation system