Abstract
This chapter illustrates that there are many challenging problems in the modern society such as environment pollution, radiation pollution, high demand, and low supply of energy. Such issues need modern solutions to tackle them. In this context, green internet of things (IoT) solutions have come up with flying colors. As there is a constant need of the energy by the interconnected IoT devices to perceive, fetch, and transmit the real-time information, the energy demands remain high. Green IoT is an emerging concept to meet this problem by framing the energy-efficient policies so as to provide a simpler yet better solution to enhance the quality of the current practices. In this chapter, different practical aspects of green IoT and narrowband IoT (NBIoT) deployment have been presented. NBIoT narrowband signals are used in low data rates are transmitted and have a widerange of reception because narrow filters cancel out unwanted wideband noise. NBIoT has several advantages over LTE-M due to lower device cost, longer battery life and extended coverage. Finally, some future research directions have been addressed.
TopIntroduction
The phrase “It's a small world” is clearly justified with IoT as billions of devices are connected through networks. We can communicate anything, anywhere and anytime. IoT has put a high impact on professional as well as private lives. For example, the Prime minister of India Mr Narendra Modi confessed: “Google has spoilt my habit of reading” (Deccan Chronicle, 2019). Sharma, L et al (2017) presented that the machines are smarter enough to fetch, process and transmit data efficiently and the various sectors are also becoming a part of it like health care, travelling, shopping through real-time applications but IoT has certain cons too. Since the world is mutually interconnected, thus to fetch the data huge data storage is required and its processing demands surplus energy. At the same time, very large channels are required to transmit the processed data. This further burdens the already affected energy depleted society and the environment. To achieve sustainable development, Green IoT has come to the rescue. It has become a prominent choice to decrease carbon emission as well as to lower the power consumption demand. It focuses on reducing CO2 emission and e-waste disposals by making the best use of technologies for sharing the infrastructure of data centre and looking for new resources. Narrowband IoT (NBIoT) is one of the communication techniques of the IoTs available for deployment. Its popular features are its low power wide area (LPWA) characteristics. NBIoT has the potential to reduce the power and bandwidth required for large IoT projects like smart grid, smart buildings.
The “Internet” can be defined as a globally connected network system that uses communication protocols (i.e., TCP /IP model) to transmit data through various types of media. The Internet is a network of global exchanges including private, public, academic and government networks connected by guided, wireless and fibre-optic technologies. “Things” in IoT, refer to any device that has its own IP address and can send or receive data using a network. So, IoT is the network of physical things that can share information.
Figure 1 briefly explains the layers of IoT architecture. X. Liu et al (2016) presented the initial layer is Perception Layer which is used for data gathering through physical objects like sensors and actuators. It further involves encryption, key agreement and sensor data protection. Transmission Layer is also known as Network layer and is used for data transmission. It includes encryption mechanisms and identity authentication. Middleware Layer process the transmitted information using the decision units, like cloud computing. Application Layer comprises of smart applications. It also involves privacy protection and key agreement/authentication. Business Layer represents the system management that manages the whole IoT system, including the applications, business and profit models and users’ privacy.
The main objective of this chapter is to provide a detailed study and analysis of Green IoT and NBIoT. Their features, principles,various techniques and some typical applications of Green IoT and NBIoT.It also presents their comparison of bandwidth and other essential requirements with the other contemporary technologies.It also covers the energy efficiency and other related aspects which are important considerations for the long term sustainability of Green IoT and NBIoT.
The reminder of the chapter is organized in four sections.In Section 2, the literature review of Green IoT and NBIoT has been presented.In this section,the bandwidth and band selection related issues,their methods and techniques and facilities for their deployment are emphasized.The various approaches and architecture of Green IoT and NBIoT have been presented.The role of 5G in their successful deployment is also addressed in this portion of the chapter.In Section 3, the future research directions of Green IoT and NBIoT have been presented. Finally, in Section 4, the chapter has been concluded with the highlighted points.
Key Terms in this Chapter
Deployment of Narrowband IoT: Deployment encompasses all the processes, including planning, installation, testing and then the implementation of the NBIoT servers, sensors to make it fully functional for the practical applications like the smart cities and smart grids and many more.
Internet of Things (IoT): The internet can be defined as a globally connected network system that uses TCP/IP and things refer to the devices that have an IP address. So, IoT is the network of physical things that can share information.
Sigfox: It is a French global network operator that connects wireless networks to low power objects like smart watches, electricity meters. It consumes a low amount of power to be continuously on and emitting a small amount of data. Though it is not deployed everywhere but where ever it is located, it supports a wide coverage area.
Narrowband IoT: NBIoT is a Low Power Wide Area technology. As the name implies this version of IoT uses narrow bands for its operation. It focuses on large coverage, low energy consumption, longer battery life, low cost, better response time with a guarantee of a better quality of service.
5G: 5G means the fifth-generation technology of mobile internet connectivity, offering faster download speeds and more reliable connections on smart phones and other billions of devices.
Low Power Wide Area Networks: LPWAN can cover a large area for communication using a very small amount of power. These technologies are very popular for large-scale deployments such as smart grids and smart cities.
LoRaWAN: Long Range Wide Area Network is a point to multi-point networking protocol that uses Semtech's LoRa modulation schemes which is about how the radio waves communicate with LoRaWAN gateways to do encryption and identification. It supports large networks with millions of devices and is compared in terms of network coverage to 3G and 4G.
Energy Efficiency: Energy efficiency can be defined as the effective use of energy to carry out any task. The lower is the consumption, the better is the performance of the system. In communication engineering, the concept of energy efficiency is very important as the system needs a large amount of energy to provide application services.
Green IoT: It enables green and sustainable growth of society. It supports innovations and applications for addressing societal challenges but targeting to achieve low energy consumption of IoT devices. So, it emphasizes on the energy efficiency in the principles of IoT and to reduce the greenhouse effect caused due to the already existing applications. It focuses that IoT should be made green, starting from the design to the final implementation.