A series of illnesses known as glaucoma harm the optic nerve in the eye. Glaucoma can cause lifelong blindness or vision loss if it is not addressed. Because glaucoma frequently has no symptoms in its early stages, it is particularly difficult. If symptoms start to show up, it might be too late to stop blindness. There are numerous ways to identify glaucoma, including tonometry, which measures the pressure inside the eye, ophthalmoscopy, which looks at the optic nerve's form and color, and perimeter, which measures the entire field of vision. However, because of the fact that each person's glaucoma is unique, these procedures do not allow for the detection of all forms of glaucoma. A visual assessment technique that can identify glaucoma is cup-to-disc ratio. By image processing methods like binarization the cup-to-disc ratio is calculated in this project and utilized to assess the glaucomatous status of an eye using super pixel classification.
TopIntroduction
The terminology “glaucoma” refers to a series of eye illnesses that cause progressive and permanent damage to the optic nerve, the nerve in the eye that controls vision, and which, if left untreated, can cause permanent blindness. Increased ocular pressure is the key reasons, however even persons with normal eye pressure might develop glaucoma. The two most prevalent kinds of glaucoma, according to the WHO, are angle closure glaucoma (ACG), which is less frequent and typically manifests itself more severely, and primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), which starts off slowly and sneakily.
Glaucoma is the second most common cause of blindness in the world. The WHO estimates that glaucoma causes the blindness of 4.55 million people Minimum 12 million individuals in India are affected with glaucoma, which leaves about 1.2 million of them legally blind. In India, glaucoma is the main factor causing irreversible blindness. Over 90% of glaucoma cases in the general community are untreated. Glaucoma prevalence is influenced by age. Additionally, a new study estimates that the number of glaucoma patients in the nation is higher than what ophthalmologists believe (Traverso CE, et al. (2005)).
The human eye is a special sense organ that can take in visual information and send it to the brain. The result of attaching a significant amount of a huge, less strongly curved sphere to a small, strongly curved portion of a larger sphere, the eyeball is not a simple spherical. The cornea, which makes up about one-sixth of the whole structure, is the tiny, transparent section with a radius of 8 mm (0.3 inch). The scleral segment, which makes up the remaining portion, is opaque and has a radius of 12 mm (0.5 inch). The limbus is the ring that connects the two regions. Since the cornea is transparent, while looking directly into the eye from the front, one perceives a ring of tissue within the eye instead of the cornea due to the white sclera surrounding it.
There is a higher chance of glaucoma in older adults, although it can also be present before birth. Glaucoma can affect young adults as well. Particularly African Americans are more prone when they are younger. The most prevalent type of glaucoma, open-angle glaucoma, has almost no symptoms. Typically, increased ocular pressure causes little pain. Loss of vision starts with lateral or peripheral vision unconsciously compensating for this by moving our head to the side may prevent us from noticing anything until considerable vision loss has occurred (Iester M et al.(2002)). Getting examined is the greatest method to safeguard our vision from glaucoma. Treatment for glaucoma can start right away.
The eyeball is not a simple sphere, but rather the consequence of joining a sizable section of a large, less strongly curved sphere to a small, strongly curved portion of a larger sphere. The cornea is the small, transparent portion with a radius of 8 mm (0.3 inch), which makes up about one-sixth of the entire structure. The scleral segment, which makes up the remaining portion, is opaque and has a radius of 12 mm (0.5 inch). The limbus is the ring that connects the two regions. Since the cornea is transparent, while looking directly into the eye from the front, one perceives a ring of tissue within the eye instead of the cornea due to the white sclera surrounding it. Iris of the eye. The component that determines the color of the eye is the iris. The pupil is the term for this ring's centre. It appears gloomy because little or no light entering the eye is reflected back. The appearance of the inside lining of the globe can be discerned using an ophthalmoscope, a device that enables the view our to illuminate the interior of the eyeball while looking through the pupil. The major blood veins that carry blood to the retina are known as the fundus oculi, and they are particularly noticeable because they cross across the pallid optic disc, also known as the papilla, which is where the optic nerve fibres exit the eyeball (Janz NK, et al. (1998)).
Approximately 24 mm (about one inch) is the sagittal (vertical) diameter of the eye, and it is frequently smaller than the transverse diameter. Measurements of the eye are reasonably stable, varying by roughly a mm or two between healthy individuals. When a child is born, the sagittal diameter is roughly 16 to 17 mm (0.65 inch), but it quickly grows to 22.5 to 23 mm (0.89 inch) by the time they are three, and it achieves its maximum size between the ages of three and thirteen. It has a volume of approximately 6.5 cm3 and a weight of approximately 7.5 grammes (0.25 ounce) (0.4 cubic inch) (Herbert Gross, et al. (2008))