Abstract
For the realization of foreign policy, defense and national security priorities, each country needs to work out an appropriate National Security and Military Strategy. A National Security Strategy or Policy (NSS or NSP) is a key framework for a country to meet the basic needs and security concerns of citizens, and address external and internal threats to the country. Military strategy involves using military resources such as people, equipment, and information against the opponent's resources to gain supremacy or reduce the opponent's will to fight, developed through the precepts of military science.
TopIntroduction: The Role Of Strategies In Modern Geopolitics
Modern geopolitics, taking into account the colossal changes in the world, begins to take shape after the Second World War. But, despite these changes, both the classical and modern geopolitical paradigm necessarily included and includes military strategy. Military strategy is usually understood as the method and purpose of preparing and using armed forces in war. If military strategists — generals and admirals — are responsible for the methods, methods of training, and results of the combat use of troops and fleet forces, then the preparation for war of a nation, industry (including military), agriculture, infrastructure (means of communication, means of communication, etc.), the goals of the war are determined by the highest political leadership. Thus, military strategy is an integral part of politics in the same way that geostrategy is an element of geopolitics.
The geostrategy of modern developed countries is structured on three levels. The highest level of geostrategy is called the national strategy and includes all lower levels of strategy in certain areas and directions of the nation's development. It determines the goals of the development of the nation, ensures the effective use of spiritual and material resources, directs the nation to achieve national goals.
The second level of geostrategy is called national security strategy, which is sometimes replaced by the terms “grand strategy”, “defense strategy”, and “strategic doctrine”. The national security strategy includes strategies for those areas and areas that are extremely important for national security, that is, to ensure acceptable conditions for the formation and development of the nation. The national security strategy is usually formed in an official document, in Russia it is the National Security Concept (Rondeli, 2003).
The third level of geostrategy is military strategy, which coordinates only the military problems of national security: the development of the military industry and the provision of the Armed Forces with military equipment, weapons, communications equipment, ammunition, etc., the combat training of the military personnel themselves, the combat readiness and combat capability of the troops and fleet forces. Military strategy is usually formulated in military doctrine (Rondeli, 2003).
Military strategies have been around for a long time. At least, already in the policies of Ancient Greece there were elected state positions of archon and strategist, the first of which was interpreted as the position of the supreme ruler, and the second - as the position of the highest commander. Thus, it can be stated that the division of political activity into geostrategic and military-strategic occurred no later than the 5th century BC. BC e. (Chitadze, 2011).
However, it was also possible to combine these types of policies in the activities of one person. For example, Niccolo Machiavelli served as second secretary (internal affairs) and secretary of the Commission of Ten (military affairs) of the Florentine Republic. Therefore, he had to implement, in modern terms, both a national security strategy and a military strategy (and not only plan, but also lead the army). In other Italian republics and signories of the Renaissance, geostrategic tasks were decided by top politicians; for the implementation of purely military purposes, professional military men were invited – gonfaloniers (Mkurnalidze, Khamkhadze, 2002).
Key Terms in this Chapter
National Security: Also known as national defense , it is the security and defense of a sovereign state, including its citizens, economy, and institutions, which is regarded as a duty of government. Originally conceived as protection against military attack, national security is widely understood to include also non-military dimensions, including security from terrorism, minimization of crime, economic security, energy security, environmental security, food security, and cyber-security.
Military Strategy: A set of ideas implemented by military organizations to pursue desired strategic goals. Derived from the Greek word strategos , the term strategy, when first used during the 18th century, was seen in its narrow sense as the “art of the general”, or “'the art of arrangement” of troops. and deals with the planning and conduct of campaigns, the movement and disposition of forces, and the deception of the enemy.
National Interests: A sovereign state's goals and ambitions (economic, military, cultural, or otherwise), taken to be the aim of government.
Geopolitics: The study of the effects of Earth's geography (human and physical) on politics and international relations. While geopolitics usually refers to countries and relations between them, it may also focus on two other kinds of states: de facto independent states with limited international recognition and relations between sub-national geopolitical entities, such as the federated states that make up a federation, confederation, or a quasi-federal system. At the level of international relations, geopolitics is a method of studying foreign policy to understand, explain, and predict international political behavior through geographical variables. These include area studies, climate, topography, demography, natural resources, and applied science of the region being evaluated.
Eurasianism: A political movement in Russia that states that Russia does not belong in the “European” or “Asian” categories but instead to the geopolitical concept of Eurasia dominated by the “Russian world” (Russian: ??????? ???), forming an ostensibly standalone Russian civilization. Historically, the Russian Empire was Euro-centric and generally considered a European/Western power.
Geostrategy: A subfield of geopolitics, is a type of foreign policy guided principally by geographical factors as they inform, constrain, or affect political and military planning. As with all strategies, geostrategy is concerned with matching means to ends Strategy is as intertwined with geography as geography is with nationhood, or as Colin S. Gray and Geoffrey Sloan state it,” (geography is) the mother of strategy.”
Atlanticism: Also known as Transatlanticism , is the belief in or support for a close relationship between the peoples and governments in Northern America (the United States and Canada) and those in Europe (the countries of the European Union, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and the European microstates outside the European Union) on political, economic, and defense issues. It seeks to maintain the security and prosperity of the participating countries and protect liberal democracy and the progressive values of an open society that unites them. The term derives from the Atlantic Ocean, which is bordered by North America and Europe.
Foreign Policy: A state's foreign policy or external policy (as opposed to internal or domestic policy) is its objectives and activities regarding its interactions with other states, unions, and other political entities, whether bilaterally or through multilateral platforms