Future of Industry 5.0: Added Features, Enabling Technologies, and Human-Centric Solutions

Introduction

Over the course of many centuries, humans, with or without the assistance of animals, have created a wide variety of vehicles, clothes, housing, and weapons (Nahavandi, 2019). When Industry 1.0 first appeared in 1974, it triggered a dramatic shift in the manufacturing sector (Grabowska, Saniuk, & Gajdzik, 2022). In Fig. 1 we see a timeline that spans the development of Industrial X.0. Approximately 100 years passed between each of the first three revolutions, and only 40 years separated the third and fourth. Industry 1.0 emerged in the 1780 with the advent of mechanised production facilities for steam and water-driven machinery (Humayun, 2021). The economy has benefited greatly from the rise in production capacity, which has led to a dramatic improvement in the economy. In 1870, the introduction of electric power and assembly line manufacturing paved the way for what is now known as “Industry 2.0.” Companies in the industrial sector were able to boost their output thanks to Industry 2.0's emphasis on mass production and the distribution of workloads. The ideas of electronic, semi-automatic, and information technology gave birth to what is now known as Industry 3.0 in 1970. Industry 4.0, or “smart manufacturing for the next generation,” is a notion that emerged in 2011. The prime goal is to optimise output and enter mass manufacturing with the help of cutting-edge technologies. Industry 5.0 (started in 2020) is an impending transformation that will combine the ingenuity of human experts with the efficacy, intelligence, and accuracy of machines.