During the second stage of labour, a “second-stage Caesarean section” (lower segment Caesarean section -LSCS)” is performed to help the mother and foetus. Understanding its prevalence, indications, and results helps make evidence-based clinical decisions. This study examines second-stage LSCS's influence on fetomaternal outcomes. Goals include studying second-stage LSCS, foetal and maternal outcomes, indication-outcome connections, and second-stage LSCS indications. Medical records from second-stage LSCS women were used in a retrospective cohort study. Regression, comparison, and descriptive statistics were used to study maternal and foetal outcomes and LSCS indications. Data shows that 15.2% of LSCS operations occurred in the second stage of labour. Maternal outcomes included 22.5 percent blood loss, 30 percent lengthier hospital stays, 18.8 percent surgical issues, and 11.3 percent mental damage. Apgar scores differed by the foetal outcome; 36.3% of newborns needed NICU admission, and RDS (26.3 percent). Fetal distress and failed labour progress (17.6%) were the main LSCS indicators (28.4 percent). In conclusion, second-stage LSCS is crucial to obstetric care because it affects maternal and foetal outcomes. The frequency of LSCS in the second stage emphasises the importance of close observation and swift decision-making. Fetal results emphasise the need for specialised neonatal care, whereas maternal outcomes emphasise the need for extended postoperative care and emotional support. LSCS indications affect mother and foetus outcomes, emphasising the importance of customised treatment and evidence-based decision-making in clinical settings.
TopIntroduction
A woman's life is profoundly changed and enriched by childbirth, which signifies the important transition from pregnancy to parenthood. Nine months of planning, preparation, and expectation culminate in the labour and delivery process (Kaźmierczak et al., 2017). The human body coordinates a complicated sequence of physiological events that result in the birth of a new life, just like in the exquisite dance of nature (Unterscheider et al., 2011). The labour stage, which represents the change from the latent phase of contractions and cervical dilatation to the active phase of moving closer to the baby's delivery, is crucial to this process (Caughey et al., 2014). The foetal head's fall into the delivery canal, which marks the second stage of labour, is an important and frequently difficult time in obstetric care (Malathi & Sunita, 2012).
The significance of the second stage of labour rests in its dual focus on the well-being of the mother and the foetus, giving it a special place in the delivery continuum. During this stage, the mother's body works to make it easier for the baby to enter the world while the infant makes its way through the difficult and constricted birth canal (Baloch & Khaskheli, 2008). The majority of women experience a successful vaginal delivery of a healthy baby at the end of the second stage of labour (Thirukumar, 2020). But occasionally, issues can occur that need a Caesarean section (Jayaram et al., 2016). Often called a “second-stage Caesarean section” (LSCS), the circumstances surrounding the choice to conduct a Caesarean section in the second stage of labour are complex and difficult (Malathi & Sunita, 2012).
The state of labour, the health of the mother and foetus, and other obstetrical circumstances all have a role in the decision to proceed with LSCS. LSCS may be an emergent decision made during labour in certain cases, or it may be a planned intervention based on particular signals in other cases. In the field of obstetrics, there is a great deal of concern and research surrounding the results of laparoscopic surgery and its prevalence during the second stage of labour (Khaniya, 2020).
With an emphasis on fetomaternal outcomes, the goal of this research is to examine the complexity and ramifications of second-stage LSCS thoroughly. The second stage of labour is a dynamic time when the physiology of the mother and foetus, medical interventions, and clinical judgment all come together. Current research intends to determine the frequency of LSCS in the second stage of labour, investigate the results for mothers who undergo LSCS during this phase, assess the influence on foetal outcomes, and examine the signs that prompt second-stage Caesarean sections. By tackling these goals, we hope to add to the corpus of current research and offer perspectives that can help healthcare providers make wise choices throughout the crucial stage of labour.