Existing Implications and Relationship Between Anthropology and Anthropocene Urban Socio-Ecology Planning Resilience

Introduction

Kuhn (1962/1996) analyzes the paradigm shifts focusing on the epistemic cycles of methods of inquiry from emergence and decline, which can be referred to the shift from traditional urban anthropology to Anthropocene urban socio-ecology and resilience. Theoretical, strategic and tactical systematization lead to demand paradoxes and contradictions through diagnostics and consultancies providing solutions to problems and explanation of false consciousness in the applications of organizational and urban anthropology to urban socio-ecological resilience planning and green innovation areas, in the current global environmental problems facing the world.

First, the term resilience was introduced by Holling (1973) in the field of socio-ecological research to describe the ability of the socio-ecosystem to return to the original shape after being deformed by the impact of external pressures from the outside environment. Resilience influences urban planning and innovation, construction of urban infrastructure, and development leading to urban and regional economic resilience as one of the contents of urban planning and governance resilience research. Improvement of urban socioecological resilience contributes to disaster prevention, management and reduction leading to strengthen the urban resilience processes (Yang, Lili & Hongchi, 2022). Some approaches to urban anthropology do not consider it as a science and those who prefer theories or the particular over the universal, and those who choose to interpret instead of to explain.

Second, the term urban anthropology is a scientific discipline epistemologically closely linked and interrelated to other scientific theories. Anthropology as any social sciences predict various phenomena (Alvarez, 2016; Brady, 2019; Grimmer et al., 2021; Hindman, 2015; Hofman et al., 2017; Hofman et al., 2021; Taagepera, 2008). The scientific status of anthropology is beyond the conception of a soft, interpretive, and humanistic phenomena to interpret meanings to use quantitative techniques, apply formal methods in experimental designs to postulate scientific theories predicting phenomena and formulating scientific laws linked and interrelated to other scientific theories. Sociology, anthropology, and political science phenomena differs from individual behavior in accordance with Bunge (1999) who sustains that predicting the behavior of an unknow individual is different from the prediction of a system behavior. However, social sciences have moved prediction from small groups to complex social systems through sophisticated computational methods (Bunge, 1999; Kaplan, 1940). A scientific law is a logical-mathematical representation of the relationships between variables (Pfeifer, 2006).

Scientific predictions emerge from the verification and application of a capable theory to explain the specific phenomena. Research in urban anthropology and socio-ecology resilience in urban planning and green innovation areas using interdisciplinary methodologies is changing village societies relevant for research at global level.

Third, since 1945, the post-war period accelerated the changes in human civilizations with negative impacts on the biosphere which has been increasing more since the end of the cold war (Eriksen, 2016; Snow, 1998). This displacement originated in large urban centers of industrialized countries marks the bounding period leading to validate the ethnographic method. Alternatives to ideologies and practices of global capitalism are human lives not dominated by the state and market forces (Scott, 2009; Escobar, 2020). Other natural phenomena are also causing urban ecological and resilience dysfunctionalities such as, severe storms flooding urban communities, immobilizing, and disrupting urban transportation, energy, water, and waste networks. Cities and any urban area are virtually marinated in fossil fuels largely controlled by corporations. The interactions of stakeholders and actors contributes disorderly to identify the inherent complexity of urban socio-ecological meta-problems and contribute to intensify the complexity which requires to deal the cross-linking process.