Ethnobotanical Insights Into the Bioactive Properties of Commercially Important Spice Seeds

Introduction

Ethnobotany, the study of the relationship between people and plants, is increasingly relevant in contemporary times (Mutinda et al., 2023). As the world has shifted its focus toward sustainable health solutions and natural remedies, ethnobotany serves as a critical link between ancient wisdom and modern healthcare demands (Anwar et al., 2024). In an era dominated by synthetic drugs, which are often associated with numerous side effects, the ethnobotanical approach offers a more encompassing view (Daley & Badal, 2024). It integrates traditional plant-based knowledge, developed over centuries, into contemporary medicinal practices (He et al., 2024). This approach goes beyond merely identifying plant-based remedies; it explores their roles in cultural practices and traditional healing methods (Aggarwal et al., 2024). Ethnobotany provides a deep understanding of how diverse cultures utilize the power of plants for health and wellness, offering invaluable insights for current medical research and the development of natural products (Schultz & Garbe, 2023).

Spices are aromatic or pungent plant-derived substances that are typically obtained from the seeds, berries, bark, roots, or fruits of various plants. They are used to enhance the flavor, aroma, and color of food. Spice seeds, as a specific category of spice, are the dried seeds of plants that are prized for their flavors, aromas, and preservative qualities (P. Das et al., 2023). Unlike leafy herbs, which are often used for their fresh or dried foliage, spice seeds are usually dried and can be used whole or ground into powder. Spice seeds, which are fundamental to culinary traditions worldwide, also hold a crucial position at the intersection of tradition and modernity within medical practices (Varghese & Ray, 2023). In addition to their ability to enhance flavors, these seeds are valued for their medicinal properties across various cultures (Burdock, 2022). Each spice seed, ranging from black cumin to coriander, carries a narrative deeply embedded in the history of traditional medicine (Nath & Debnath, 2023). Recently, these seeds have been revisited by scientists and researchers who are exploring their potential in contemporary medicine (Maqbool et al., 2024). This renewed interest marks a fascinating juncture where ancient wisdom meets modern scientific inquiries, leading to a deeper understanding of the therapeutic potential of these seeds (Debnath et al., 2023). As sources of numerous bioactive compounds, spice seeds are now being examined through the lens of modern science, which validates and expands upon their traditional uses, opening new avenues for natural and effective treatment options (Nath & Debnath, 2023).

The significant issue at hand is the underutilization and insufficient scientific understanding of the full therapeutic potential of many spice seeds (Usmani et al., 2023). While certain plant species, such as black pepper and nutmeg, have undergone extensive study, a large number of these species have been minimally explored (Katoch et al., 2024). This gap represents a missed opportunity to discover potential natural remedies for various health conditions (Arunachalam et al., 2023). Another challenge lies in effectively integrating these ethnobotanical insights into mainstream medicine in a way that is both scientifically credible and ethically sound (Domingo-Fernández et al., 2023). Additionally, the sustainable sourcing and conservation of these spice seeds pose crucial concerns, particularly as their demand escalates (Anand et al., 2023). Despite their recognized commercial significance, achieving a balance between traditional application and the scientifically verified properties of these seeds is an expansive and intriguing domain awaiting further exploration. Addressing these challenges requires a multidisciplinary approach involving ethnobotanists, pharmacologists, chemists, conservationists, and other stakeholders.