Abstract
The information and communication technology (ICT) evolution is aggressively affecting many nations around the world, forcing changes and transformations to business and socioeconomic development plans, reflecting major implications on different economies and contributing to the notions of globalization and the evolution of the global digital economy irrespective of time and distance barriers. ICT is driving the radical transformation and change for individuals, organizations and societies from the marketplace to the cyberspace helping the realization of the digital economy, outsourcing and global outreach. In a fast changing global environment, speed, competition and catering for various diversified cultural elements become key factors for development and growth in the reengineered business environment where electronic commerce (E-commerce) applications promise to grow in volume helping the digital economy to mature and dominate. Egypt, as a developing nation with an economy in transition, started to invest in building its ICT infrastructure since 1985 as a vital tool for development and leading to availing opportunities for E-commerce to grow. This article describes the emergence of E-commerce in Egypt since the mid 1990s and its implications in the marketplace including the challenges faced relating to social, technological, financial, cultural and legal issues and the efforts exerted by different stakeholders including the government, the private sector and the civil society to diffuse E-commerce in Egypt.
TopBackground
Over the last few decades, ICT became vital as a platform for business and socioeconomic development (Kamel, 2000; American Chamber of Commerce in Egypt, 2002). Moreover, the Internet became an important medium for information acquisition and knowledge dissemination across the globe (Kamel, 1995), leading to the formulation of the global information society and creating the digital economy with its growing trends such as competing in time, customer relationship management and smart communities (Kamel et al, 2009).
Since 1985, Egypt has invested in its ICT infrastructure targeting the build-up of its national information infrastructure (NII) to become the platform for the development of all sectors based on timely, relevant and accurate information. During the period 1985-1995, a public-private partnership (PPP) helped realize the establishment of Egypt’s information highway (Kamel, 1995). The program embedded the establishment of hundreds of informatics projects and centers in different government, public and private sector organizations as well as the development and improvement of all the building blocks of the information infrastructure such as people, technology (hardware and software), networks, information and knowledge management aspects (Kamel, 1999). In 1991, the government began an economic reform program aiming at transforming the Egyptian economy from centrally planned, inward looking economy to one that is market-based and internationally oriented (Kamel and Hussein, 2001). The government policy focused on the removal of price distortions and obstacles to investment and trade and worked on a plan to introduce smooth and effective processes for the reformation of the financial sector in an attempt to plug-in the one-stop shop approach in the ways business is being developed and managed. The highlights of the program included deregulation of foreign exchange, budget deficit financing, gradual removal of government subsidies to cut down on expenditures, implementation of a privatization program, introduction of a capital market law, abolishment of investment licensing and the revision of the trade policy through the reduction of the level of tariffs of the GATT (Kamel and Hussein, 2001).
Key Terms in this Chapter
Broadband: Broadband Internet access, often known as broadband is high-speed Internet access that is contrasted with dial-up access over a modem, wireless broadband is also becoming popular around the world.
Electronic Commerce: It is the delivery of goods, services, information, or payments over networks or any other electronic means, frequently considered as a subset to electronic business and sometimes both terms are used interchangeably.
Diffusion of Information and Communication Technology: The diffusion process of ICT includes the stages of introduction, adoption, diffusion and adaptation whether that applies within an organization or a society.
Telecommunication Liberalization: The reform of the telecommunications environment through reducing or eliminating the monopoly of national carriers and creating a competitive environment is often referred to as the liberalization process which is to a certain degree a degree of privatization involving transferring all or some portion of the telephone service government to private ownership.
Electronic Business: It is a dynamic set of technologies, applications and business processes that link enterprises, consumers and communities through the electronic exchange of goods, services, transactions and information (technology enabled and technology-mediated).
Public Private Partnership: The collaboration of different constituencies in the marketplace including the government, the public sector, the private sector and the civil society to help realize a change and a transformation in the development process, many examples of PPP have been successful within the ICT sector especially in the developing world.
Humanware: The human element represents the most important building block in the ICT infrastructure and it is the determining factor in its development, growth and sustainability especially in a global, dynamic and competitive marketplace.
Building Blocks: The building blocks in ICT infrastructure reflects all the basic elements of the ICT industry including hardware, software, human resources, networking and information.
Critical Mass: The volume of usage of different ICT tools and applications is an important determining factor in spreading awareness and in rendering such the level of ICT usage and deployment effective and efficient.
E-Commerce Readiness: E-commerce readiness indicates the ability of individuals and/or the community to use ICT for online transactions including payments, buying and selling of different products and services.