Distribution of Mechanization by Regions and Areas in the Republic of Serbia

The Scenario

The term “agricultural mechanization” in the broadest sense of the word includes tools, work tools, agricultural tractors, various combine harvesters, as well as attachment machines. Also, agricultural mechanization can include machines used in the processing of agricultural products, regardless of whether they are of plant or animal origin. Agricultural mechanization also includes machines that facilitate the manipulation of forage or livestock products. Nowadays, dealing with agricultural production is simplified, and modern equipment and mechanization have become easy to handle (Grujić Vučkovski, 2022). Therefore, in our chapter we will analyze the distribution of agricultural mechanization, which is most often represented in the regions and areas of the Republic of Serbia. The necessity of agro-mechanization on agricultural holdings can be explained through two methods. First, it contributes to agrotechnical measures being carried out in optimal terms. The second method follow up the first, and represents the result of performing agrotechnical operations in an adequate period, which contributes to a higher yield. The advantage of using mechanization for land cultivation is reflected in the increase in labor productivity, as it contributes to the cultivation of a larger land surface in a shorter time. Apart from the usual application of mechanization that we encounter every day, it is important to mention the increasing application of modern agricultural systems such as agrodrones, which would replace certain agricultural operations. The use of agricultural mechanization is the basis for agricultural production. Agricultural operations carried out with the timely application of mechanization play a significant role in the implementation of optimal measures aimed at increasing the intensity of agricultural production (Milovanović, 2017). Also, agricultural mechanization affects the sustainability of agricultural and food systems, in terms of various economic and social aspects, such as: labor productivity, poverty reduction, food security, etc. (Daum, 2023). Scientists are looking for technological solutions to ensure sustainable intensification of global agriculture based on the model of increasing yields “produce more with less” (Popović et al., 2012).

Agricultural producers in the Republic of Serbia deal with significantly higher mechanization costs than producers in developed countries. The main reason is insufficiently used mechanization and the high average age of the machines. Such machines are prone to frequent breakdowns, so machine repairings are more frequent, which further increases maintenance costs. In the continuation of the text, it will be commented on single-axle tractors, two-axle tractors and universal combine harvesters, as already mentioned at the beginning.

The following mechanization is analyzed in this chapter: single-axle tractors, two-axle tractors and combine harvesters.

Single-axle tractors are small and lightweight tractors designed for use on smaller agricultural holdings or for performing simpler operations such as mowing (Nikolić et al., 2005). Such tractors have smaller dimensions compared to standard two-axle tractors. One of the main advantages of single-axle tractors is their affordability. This is especially important in Serbia, where most farmers operate on small parcels of land. In addition to affordability, single-axle tractors are also more economical than larger tractors. Their engines are smaller, so fuel that is used for operation is less used, thus reducing the operating costs of farmers. Considering the situation in the Republic of Serbia and unstable fuel prices, this characteristic of single-axle tractors is very important.Another advantage of single-axle tractors is their maneuverability. Given that a significant number of single-axle tractors are still in use in the Republic of Serbia, especially in rural areas, hilly and uneven terrain, the use of such tractors enables easier maneuvering in narrow scopes and on uneven terrains. (Mileusnic et al., 2005). However, there are also challenges related to the use of single-axle tractors in Serbia. One of the main challenges is their limited power, which is not suitable for larger holdings or complex operations. Also, these tractors are not as fast and efficient as larger tractors, which can limit productivity and increase operating costs.