Abstract
Cloud computing (CC) is generating new computing and business models because of its service-based nature, which enables collaboration and data exchange at higher level, more flexibility with better efficiency and parallel decreasing costs. Manufacturing environments can also benefit from cloud technology and follow fast changes in market demands. In these new scenarios, interoperability has vital importance in the operation and in the interaction among industrial realizations of cyber-physical systems. The chapter introduces the different cloud models and the interoperability issues concerning connected enterprise information systems. Various standardization frameworks have been developed for homogeneous integration of IT models in industrial environments: the IIRA and the RAMI 4.0 are the best-known ones. The chapter introduces both architectures; their methodological approach to industrial integration efforts and how integration can be realized through the OPC Unified Architecture. Finally, the authors propose a basic conceptual model for cloud manufacturing.
TopManufacturing Organizations, Technologies
In order to fulfil the actual market demands, production and manufacturing systems have been optimized in their structure, costs and fabrication technology. To be able to compare the different manufacturing systems a short overview is given, starting from traditional automated manufacturing system, towards the FMS (Flexible Manufacturing System), the networked, reconfigurable manufacturing systems (Virtual Enterprises), the CBM and finally the Industry 4.0 domain.
A short summary of the comparison showing the differences and the evolution of these manufacturing systems is presented in Figure 1. The qualifications of the categories are not absolute but are constructive in comparison with other manufacturing system categories.
Key Terms in this Chapter
Cyber-Physical Production System: A dual-system in which physical processes are monitored by creating a virtual counterpart of the physical world and make decentralized decisions, while communicating and cooperating with each other (and with humans) in real time using the Internet and IoT components.
Industry 4.0: High-tech ICT-based strategic industrial program which focuses on manufacturing and describes the up-to-date automation and data exchange in manufacturing technologies. Industry 4.0 includes Cyber- Physical Systems, the Internet of Things and cloud computing.
Cloud Computing: In general, an information technology architecture model where computing services (both hardware and software) are delivered to customers over the Internet, on-demand, in a self-service fashion, independent of device and location.
Industrial Internet of Things: The IoT is a network of computers, intelligent devices, and objects that collect and share huge amounts of data. The collected data is sent to a central Cloud-based service where it is aggregated with other data and then shared with end users in a helpful way. The application of the IoT in the manufacturing industry is called the IIoT.
Cloud Manufacturing: The basic idea was to apply cloud computing philosophy (architecture, tasks and service structure) to manufacturing systems. The result of this mirroring is new service-oriented networked manufacturing system.