Leukemia is a cancer of the blood that starts from bone marrow then spreads into the bloodstream and other vital organs. Based on lymphoid or myeloid stem cells becoming cancerous, leukemia can be divided into myeloid leukemia and lymphoblastic leukemia. The EM-algorithm-based method uses statistics techniques to classify three types of leukocytes (i.e., band neutrophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes). This method projects the image patterns onto lower dimensional subspaces by PCA and uses EM-algorithm to find the maximum likelihood solution for the models with latent variable. The SVM-based method uses the texture, shape, and color as the features to describe leukocytes. This chapter includes blood, introduction of ALL disease with its types, steps of ALL disease detection, detection types of ALL disease detection, and conclusion.
Top1 Introduction
Leukemia is an asymmetrical leukocytes proliferation occur in blood as well as bone marrow, and it is identified through pathologists and by monitoring blood smear under microscope. Besides, the quantity of numerous cells and its morphological features are exploited by pathologists to detect and classify leukemia. The unbalanced intensification in quantity of undeveloped leukocytes with diminished volume of other blood cells may be the symbol of leukemia. Additionally, image segmentation is most imperative tasks in the medical image analysis and processing.
Hematology, or the study of blood disorders, is a term used to refer to the field of medicine where hematopathologists make medical diagnoses. Hematological disorders can be generally categorized in three ways: according to the affected type of blood cell, according to functional disorders of the blood and lymphoid organs, and according to neoplastic disorders of the blood and lymphoid organs. Additionally, there are two additional categories for cancer diseases: malignant disorders and non-malignant disorders. Non-malignant disorders are situations that have a higher or lower cell count but are not brought on by stem cells mutating into cancerous cells.
Different categories of cancers exists humans in blood cancer, bone cancer and lymph cancer which is collectively called as haematological disorders. Both two main blood cell lineages myeloid and lymphoid cell lines can give rise to such tumors. The myeloid line gives rise to myeloproliferative disorders, myelodysplastic syndromes, and myelogenous leukemia, whereas the lymphoid line gives rise to lymphomas, lymphocytic leukemia, and myeloma.
Static microscope image segmentation of blood leucocytes is a challenging problem and a difficult procedure for a number of reasons. Cell overlapping, the wide range of blood cells' shapes and sizes, different factors affecting the blood leucocytes' outward appearance, and low Static Microscope Image disparity from additional problems brought on by noise are some of the main causes of division errors that can be observed. Because of the variability in brightening, the distinction between the background and blood leucocytes cell border may differ greatly. The differentiation of the shapes of fundamental components within the blood leucocytes cell, particularly after staining, routinely fundamentally surpasses that of the borders of the cell itself.
An excessive quantity of lymphocytes in the blood is a sign of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL). Lymphocytes are a variety of white blood cells that combat infection. Blasts, which would have matured into lymphocytes, are produced in large quantities by the bone marrow in ALL cases. These blasts are aberrant and incapable of warding off disease. As the number of blasts rises, normal blood cells are pushed out and the blasts begin to spread to peripheral blood and other bodily organs. The patient's recovery depends on a quick and accurate evaluation of the illness. The symptoms of leukemia are identical to those of other illnesses, such as fever, anemia, weakness, bone pain, and joint pain, making the diagnosis very challenging.
A class of haematological neoplasia known as leukemia typically effects the lymph nodes, bone marrow, and blood. Unresponsive to cell growth inhibitors, it is defined by the proliferation of abnormal white blood cells (leukocytes) in the bone marrow. As a consequence, the hematopoiesis is suppressed, which causes anemia, thrombocytopenia, and neutropenia. Various extramedullary sites, particularly the meninges, gonads, thymus, liver, spleen, and lymph nodes, can also accumulate immature White Blood Cell (WBC). Therefore, they also enter the peripheral blood stream as a result of an overabundance of lymphoid or myeloid blast in the bone marrow.
A form of blood cancer called ALL is characterized by abnormal leukocyte growth. These abnormal cells affect the bone marrow and circulation, making the immune system of the human body more susceptible. Additionally, it inhibits the creation of healthy platelets and red blood cells, which results in anemia, a blood shortage. Furthermore, these abnormal leukocytes quickly invade human circulation and can target various organs, including the kidney, liver, spleen, brain, and lymph nodes.
Leukocytes have a nucleus, unlike erythrocytes, and every cell is invented of a nucleus and cytoplasm. In addition to housing chromatin, the nucleus is a chemical container for the hereditary information carried by DNA. Normal human peripheral blood includes mature leukocytes that fall into one of two main cell types: mononuclear leukocytes or polymorphonuclear leukocytes (granulocytes) (agranulocytes). This categorization is based on cytoplasmic granule presence and nucleus morphology.