An Investigation on the Utilization of Blockchain in the Field of Digital Forensics

1.1 Introduction to Blockchain: Explanation, Principles, Varieties, Essential Elements of Blockchain Technology

Blockchain is a digital ledger system that is both distributed and decentralized. It records transactions across several computers to guarantee the security, transparency, and immutability of the data (Amit Kumar Tyagi, 2021; Tyagi, Abraham, Kaklauskas et al, 2022). The system comprises a sequence of interconnected blocks, with each block having a set of transactions. These blocks are securely linked together using cryptographic hashes. Some fundamental principles of Blockchain include:

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  Decentralization: Blockchain functions on a distributed network of computers (nodes) instead than depending on a central authority. Every node has a complete replica of the full blockchain ledger, guaranteeing redundancy and durability.

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  Distributed Ledger: The ledger, which holds transaction data, is spread out across several nodes. This distribution ensures that there is no single point of failure and improves transparency.

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  Blocks: Transactions are organized into blocks, with each block containing a collection of transactions. Blocks are sequentially interconnected to create a chronological chain.

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  Transactions: Transactions are actions or changes in data that are recorded on the blockchain. These may include bitcoin transactions, smart contract executions, or any data update that is pertinent to the intended function of the blockchain.

Blockchain networks use consensus mechanisms, which are methods used to authenticate and reach a mutual agreement on the current state of the ledger. Common consensus procedures include Proof of Work (PoW), Proof of Stake (PoS), and Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS).

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  Cryptography: The use of cryptographic methods, including as hashing and digital signatures, ensures the protection and integrity of data stored on the blockchain. Hashes serve as unique identifiers for blocks and their contents, while digital signatures guarantee the legitimacy of transactions.

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  Immutability: Once data is put to the blockchain, it becomes very resistant to any attempts to modify it. The quality of being immutable guarantees the preservation of the historical accuracy of transactions.

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  Distinction between Public and Private Blockchains: Public blockchains, such as Bitcoin and Ethereum, are accessible to all individuals, while private blockchains limit entry to authorised players. Consortium blockchains are partially private, enabling a collective of organisations to engage in participation.

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  Smart Contracts: Smart contracts are autonomous agreements that automatically execute based on predetermined rules and circumstances. They perform activities automatically upon meeting certain circumstances, hence enabling automation and instilling confidence in diverse applications.

In addition, there are other classifications of Blockchains:

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  Public Blockchain: Accessible to all individuals and managed by a distributed network of nodes. Notable examples include Bitcoin and Ethereum.

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  Private Blockchain: Limited access and governed by a single organisation or a partnership of organisations. Utilised for internal functions, namely for the administration of the supply chain.

A consortium blockchain is a partially private blockchain that is managed by a collective of organisations. It provides more autonomy compared to public blockchains while yet preserving a certain degree of decentralisation.