Abstract
Peer bullying is when an individual is exposed to negative actions on his/her property, body, emotions, relationships, reputation, digital presence by a stronger peer or peers. In peer bullying, there are different roles such as bully, victim, bully/victim, bystander, and even these roles can change over time. Bullying is examined under five headings: physical, verbal, relational, sexual, and cyberbullying. Studies show that there are some differences in the types and frequency of peer bullying in schools according to age and grade. As a result, peer bullying is frequently experienced in schools. For this reason, many different intervention programs have been developed and implemented in the world.
TopIntroduction
Peer bullying is the continuous exposure of the weaker person to the negative behavior of one or more stronger peers among unequally powerful peers. Bullying is a negative interaction between the bully and the victim in a social ecological context, including teachers and peers. Studies show that children who are bullied at an early age are more prone to problems such as academic failure, withdrawal from school, antisocial problems, violence and substance use.
Bullying behaviors occur in a variety of ways. physical bullying; verbal bullying, relational bullying, sexual bullying In addition to these bullying types, homophobic bullying and racist bullying are also defined in the literature. There are different roles in peer bullying; Apart from the bully and the victim, there can be both the bully and the victim, and bystanders.
School bullying, a type of aggression that occurs in schools, involves older or physically stronger students directly or indirectly harming and harassing children who are weaker than themselves. Bullying is common in schools. In schools, physical bullying is more common in younger age groups, and psychological/emotional and verbal bullying is more common in older age groups.
Early intervention programs are needed to prevent peer bullying from an early age. Although the types of bullying differ according to age, in general, the aspects of bullying and the victim need to be developed are similar. Contrary to the intervention strategies applied in the whole school in the fight against peer bullying, the potential power of education to target social-cognitive and moral factors that will less stigmatize students and give them individual needs is emphasized. Although the effectiveness of school-wide intervention programs is recognized, it is very important to expand these interventions to include individual applications.
Key Terms in this Chapter
Physical Bullying: It is the exposure of an individual to negative actions by a peer or peers who are stronger than herself on her body.
Sexual Bullying: It is the exposure of an individual to sexual harassment-like behaviors by a stronger peer or peers.
Peer Bullying: It is the exposure of an individual to negative actions by a peer or peers who are stronger than herself on her property, body, emotions, relationships, reputation, digital presence.
Relational Bullying: It is the exposure of an individual to negative actions by a peer or peers who are stronger than herself in her relationships.
Homophobic Bullying: Exposure to negative actions by a heterosexual peer or peers due to homosexual sexual preferences.
Verbal Bullying: It is the exposure of the individual to verbal negative actions by his peer or peers who are stronger than herself.
Cyberbullying: It is the exposure of an individual to negative actions, which uses communication technologies, by her peer or peers who are self-powerful.