Advancements in Cognitive Radio Networks: Protocols, Architectures, Challenges, and Future Perspectives

Abstract

Cognitive radio networks (CRNs) revolutionise wireless communications by providing dynamic spectrum access and management to overcome static spectrum allocation. This overview explores CRNs from fundamentals to cutting-edge protocols and applications. It addresses cognitive radio theory, hardware, networking, and difficulties for academics and practitioners. Starting with CRNs' history and motivation, it describes research scope and qualities. The research examines dynamic spectrum access, waveform design, and resource allocation. Detailed networking protocol and standard analysis covers medium access control and interference management. Additionally, cooperative communications and database-driven CRNs are considered. To solve spectrum sharing economics and regulations, next-gen technologies, energy-efficient designs, creative applications, and business models are explored. Examining flexible CRN feature machine learning methods. The analysis concludes with future trends and guides cognitive radio network research and innovation.