Psychological health issues like stress, anxiety and depression is becoming general due to various factors. Different severity levels of stress, anxiety and depression have varied impacts on people, which can lead to suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. Demographic data consists of gender, age group, marital status, education, type of employment, economic status, and living status, and 21 questions about stress, anxiety, and depression, including scores, were considered for the dataset. The proposed K-nearest neighbor model achieved maximum accuracy with 94.5% for stress and anxiety and 97.7% for depression, compared with Naive Bayes, 81.8%, 81.5%, and 83.5% as minimum accuracy for stress, anxiety, and depression, respectively, as compared with other models.
Top1. Introduction
Mental wellness is vital at every stage of life (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2023), which refers to “cognitive, behavioural, and emotional well-being” (Kumbhar et al., 2022). The ability to manage life's challenges, recognise one's own abilities, learn effectively, and function successfully all depend on one's level of mental health (CDC, 2023). “Schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder, and anxiety” (Chung & Teo, 2022) are considered as mental disorders, which is also reffered as mental health conditions or mental illness.
Stress is a negative psychological response state that is characterised by a high level of ongoing anxiety or tension(Mahakud et al., 2021). Stress becomes the most prevalent and unavoidable occurrence in daily lives(Upadhyay & Sharma, 2020). Feeling tense or irritated, having trouble unwinding, having low energy, having regular headaches, overreacting frequently and having a persistent cold or infection (Priya et al., 2020) are the symptoms of stress. “Eustress, distress, hyperstress and hypo-stress” (Faizan et al., 2022) are the categories of stress. Stress was closely related to certain of the psychological health problems(Rois et al., 2021).
Anxiety is a mood that is experienced subjectively and is accompanied by physical changes and worried thoughts (Stankovic & Nesic, 2022). Anxiety is a typical reaction to stress (American Psychiatric Association[APA], 2023). Irritation, anxiety, exhaustion, sleeplessness, digestive issues, fear, and a sense of impending danger, as well as a quick heartbeat, perspiration, breathing more quickly, and trouble concentrating are the signs of anxiety (Anxiety and Depression Association of America [ADAA], 2023).
According to American Psychiatry Association, Depression is associated with sad feeling, losing interest in or enjoyment of once-enjoyed activities, modifications in desire, having difficulty falling asleep or excessive sleeping, reduce energy, a rise in pointless physical activity, feelings of insignificance or guilt, and trouble focusing or making decisions(APA, 2023). Chronic headaches, body pains, and other types of pain associated with depression can be difficult to treat with medicine (Meghani, 2020). “Schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder, and anxiety” are considered as mental disorders (Chung & Teo, 2022).
The UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3; UCLA-LSV3) (Lin et al., 2022), Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-7 item (GAD-7) (Sun et al., 2021), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) (Jerkovic et al., 2022), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) (Murray et al., 2023) and Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21 and DASS – 42) (P.F., Lovibond & S.H., Lovibond, 1995; Henry & Crawford, 2005) are the various health assessment scales with different items used for measuring stress, anxiety, depression, sleep quality and loneliness among people.
The DASS-21 is an health assessment method used for screening the signs(Priya et al., 2020) related to psychological health issues, including depression, anxiety, and stress. In comparison to the DASS-42, the DASS-21 is thought to be shorter, which consists of seven questions for each class such as stress, anxiety and depression(SAD). The DASS-21 scale is used to measure the “stress, anxiety and depression” among respondents by calculating scores for all the three classes(Priya et al., 2020; P.F., Lovibond & S.H., Lovibond, 1995; Henry & Crawford, 2005).