A Review of Metaheuristic-Based Optimum Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures: Multi-Objective Optimization of Reinforced Concrete Columns

Introduction

Global warming is an important issue that will negatively affect the lives of present and future generations. It causes the temperature increase of the atmosphere due to increasing the amount of gases that retain heat in the atmosphere. It makes climate changes. The following chain reactions happen: glaciers melting and then sea level rising. There has been an increase in the emissions of various gases in the atmosphere. Especially carbon dioxide (CO2) is the gas with the highest heat retention feature. That is why the greenhouse process strengthened by the increasing warming in the atmosphere has revealed the problem of global warming and global climate change (Özmen, 2009). CO2 released more and more into the atmosphere accelerates the greenhouse effect, which causes climate change and leaves irreversible damage. Since climatic change on a global scale is an issue that affects the health of living things and future generations, it is one of the causes of almost all environmental problems.

In the annual report of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Global Monitoring Laboratory, the global average in CO2 values was 417.96 ppm in 2021 and 419.53 ppm in 2022. Atmospheric CO2 was measured at 422.36 parts per million, setting a new record. The year 2023 was the 11th consecutive increasing year in the amount of CO2, more than two ppm (Lindsey, 2023). When Table 1 is analyzed, it can be seen that CO2 consumption is increasing every year.

There are many sectors responsible for CO₂ emissions like power, industry, transport and buildings. Figure 1 presents that the buildings sector has an important place in CO₂ emissions.