Food security (FS) is basically determined by food-grains production. While food-grain production highly depends on climate change. Therefore, this chapter analyses the effect of climate change on food-grains crops that help to increase FS as per the previous literature. It also observes the interconnection among the agricultural production and FS promoting indicators in India. It explains the challenges and drawbacks of the Indian agricultural sector. India should give extensive importance to increase agricultural development to ensure the FS of the coming generation. Otherwise, India cannot achieve sustainable development without improving the agricultural sector and FS. Indian farmers should adopt sustainable agricultural management practices to increase FS. Soil health, water use efficiency, protection of ecosystem services, adaptation strategies, crop insurance policies, and food-grain storage may be favourable to increase FS in India. Policy implications and scope of further research are also provided in this chapter.
Top1. Introduction
Historical data of climatic factors (e.g., annual actual rainfall, maximum and minimum temperature, precipitation, wind speed, evapotranspiration, etc.) infer that changing in weather parameters across globe (Tobey et al., 1992; Raju et al., 2014; Abeysingha et al., 2016). Scientific literature claimed that weather parameters are fluctuating due to increase concentration of GHGs and CO2 emissions in the environment (Saseendran et al., 2000). Rising quantity of CO2 emissions are caused to increase disturbance in other weather and environmental factors. Climate change brought numerous negative impacts on most sectors directly and indirectly in the whole world (Ruchita & Rohit, 2017). For instance, extreme change in climatic factors produce negative implications on agricultural and its allied sectors. It also brings negative impact on industrial development. Consequently, it reduces employment opportunities, and income of people, and increases income diversity in food production, income inequality, food insecurity and poverty. Sudden change in weather parameters have a negative impact on mental security of people. Climate change also germinates new virus in the plants and diseases for human. Therefore, climate change has become a global risk and challenge for the world (Tobey et al., 1992; Swain, 2014; Singh et al., 2020). Climate change, therefore, has become an important and interesting topic for academicians, policy makers, researchers, scientists and international organizations to discover and develop advance technology for specific sectors (Falco et al., 2011; Kumar & Singh, 2023). Environmental and ecosystem services like water, soil, air and forestry are also adversely affected due to climate change and natural disasters. The scientific research community, therefore, has accepted that it is an environmental hazard that are responsible for food and health insecurity globally (Dar & Gowda, 2013; Choudhary et al., 2022). Climate change is also causing mental stress and health issues for people (Singh & Singh, 2020). Moreover, climate change is creating mental problems and germinating new diseases in different weather seasons.
Climate change is also caused to increase earth's temperature that is responsible to increase sea levels and natural disasters. Furthermore, large-scale displacement of fauna is also responsible for increasing fluctuation in weather indicators. Subsequently, the unprecedented shift in Earth’s climatic system is hampering human and its allied activities across globe (Tobey et al., 1992; Chakraborty et al., 2000; Kaul & Ram, 2009). Climate change creates multiple risks and produces adverse impact on everyone's livelihood (Agarwal, 2007). For instance, climate change is responsible to increasing diseases and mental stress (Singh & Singh, 2020). Food security (FS) is also negatively impacted due to loss of food production induced by extreme change in climatic factors. Human health is also adversely affected due to decline in quality and quantity of food-grain production (Chakraborty et al., 2000).