Abstract
Currently, thyroid disorders are more common and widespread among women worldwide. In India, seven out of ten women are suffering from thyroid problems. Various research literature studies predict that about 35% of Indian women are examined with prevalent goiter. It is very necessary to take preventive measures at its early stages, otherwise it causes infertility problem among women. The recent review discusses various analytics models that are used to handle different types of thyroid problems in women. This chapter is planned to analyze and compare different classification models, both machine learning algorithms and deep leaning algorithms, to classify different thyroid problems. Literature from both machine learning and deep learning algorithms is considered. This literature review on thyroid problems will help to analyze the reason and characteristics of thyroid disorder. The dataset used to build and to validate the algorithms was provided by UCI machine learning repository.
TopBackground
Thyroid diseases are the most common endocrine disorder problem among Indian women. Banu (2016) explained that the thyroid is a butterfly formed organ situated in the human neck and ace organ of digestion. Chen et al. (2012) discussed that thyroid gland secreted two thyroid hormones namely triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxin (T4). T3 and T4 are composed 50% of iodine. These hormones are in charge for regulation of metabolism. The shortage of iodine decreased T3 and T4 level and enlarges the thyroid tissue called simple goiter. The effects of triiodothyronine (T3) results increase cardiac arrest in man and infertility problems in women. When the level of thyroid hormones T3 and T4 go down too low, the pituitary gland segregates’ Thyroid Simulating Hormone (TSH) which stimulates the thyroid gland to produces more hormones. Around 42 million people in India have thyroid disorders. Approximately one in 10 Indian women suffer from hypothyroidism, which means the thyroid gland does not segregate sufficient thyroid hormones to meet up the needs of the women body. Most of the girl from the age 18 is suffering from thyroid problems.
A 2016 literature study carried out in nine states in India and inferred that 13.3% of pregnant women suffered by hypothyroid due to Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) during first trimester, because of over stress. Abnormal levels of thyroid hormones during pregnancy are connected with a high risk of complication / hurdle such as miscarriages, anemia, postpartum bleeding and placental abruption. If affects both mother and new born baby’s weight and sometimes fetal death. Therefore, treating thyroid problems is important for both maternal and child health.
Key Terms in this Chapter
Ultrasound Image: Ultrasound modality image.
Thyroid Hormonal Problems: Thyroid disorders can range from small, harmless goiter to complex cancer.
Data Science: Data Science is an inter-disciplinary field that uses scientific methods, processes, algorithms and systems to extract knowledge and insights.
Machine Learning: Machine learning is a subset of artificial intelligence.
Deep Learning: Deep leaning is a subset of machine learning to solve complex problems/datasets.
Hyperthyroidism: Hyperthyroidism means over activity of the thyroid gland.
Hypothyroidism: Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) is a condition in which thyroid gland doesn’t produce enough hormones.
Analytics: The systematic analysis of data (thyroid dataset).