Underwater disasters cause severe consequences to marine ecology and lead to significant loss to the environment. Since the sea water temperature reaches 700° Fahrenheit, disasters like hydrothermal vents and underwater volcano eruptions occur. Due to these seireachests, marine creatures like sharks and different types of living species have been excavating under the ocean. The risk of underwater disasters like underwater volcanic eruption, tsunami, underwater earthquake, submarine accidents and oil spills are crucial, and the preventive measures of these calamities were highly needed. Oceanographic data includes underwater images and videos captured bymarine archaeologists and divers to know the information about the exploited resources. Existing traditional algorithms have practical limitations to predict underwater catastrophes under more depth condition and can be overcome by machine learning (ML) algorithms, since it was accurate and fast in analyzing the oceanographic data. This chapter provides a comprehensive review of predicting underwater disasters using ML algorithms.
TopIntroduction
Underwater disasters can occur due to several conditions which results in critical issues and damage to life, property and environmental impact. Underwater disasters refer to catastrophic events that occur beneath the surface of water bodies, such as oceans, seas, or lakes (Liu et al., 2018). These disasters can have severe consequences on both human life and the environment. Some of the underwater disasters were Tsunamis, Underwater earthquakes, Underwater volcanoes, Oil spills, Submarine Accidents etc.
Natural disasters such as earthquakes, tsunamis, hurricanes, cyclones, or volcanic eruptions can create underwater disasters. Figure 1 represents the diagrammatic representation of natural disasters like Underwater volcanoes and Figure 2 represents the Tsunamis. The above-mentioned disasters disturbs the marine ecology and causes the destruction of coastal infrastructure, and disturbances in the seabed, leading to submerged hazards.
Figure 1. Visual illustration of sample underwater disasters: Underwater volcano
Figure 2. Visual illustration of sample underwater disasters: Tsunami
Figure 3. Visual illustration of sample underwater disasters: Oil spill in underwater
Underwater volcanoes also called as seamounts that are located beneath the surface of the ocean. These volcanoes arise due to volcanic activity on the ocean floor. They can also be found along mid-ocean ridges and volcanic arcs. Underwater volcanoes are typically formed through the same process as their terrestrial counterparts. As the magma reaches the surface, it erupts, releasing gases and ash, and forming new land. The water was polluted and the microorganisms were slowly exploited by the released gas and ashes. However, underwater volcanoes have some unique characteristics since they are mounted underwater. The water pressure on the ocean floor suppresses the formation of gas bubbles in magma, resulting in smoother and more fluid eruptions. These eruptions can lead to the formation of large underwater lava flows.
Figure 1 shows the Underwater volcano releasing gases and ash which affects the marine ecosystem. Underwater volcanoes also have a considerable effect on marine ecosystems. They provide a habitat for different underwater organisms, including bacteria, fungi, and deep-sea animals. The nutrient-rich volcanic substances liberated during eruptions support diverse communities of marine life. Some underwater volcanoes even host hydrothermal vent systems, where superheated water rich in minerals gushes out, supporting unique ecosystems with specialized organisms.
Figure 4. Real image dataset of underwater disasters: Effect due to underwater volcano eruption
Figure 5.
Real image dataset of underwater disasters: Marine ecosystem degradation due to oil spills
Figure 6.
Real image dataset of underwater disasters: Effect of underwater earthquake (Tsunami)