There has been unprecedented advancement and rapid technological changes in the field of wireless communications with the emergence of applications like 5G, the internet of things, wireless sensing, satellite communication, body area network, and automation in different fields. The requirements of mobile customers that can be met with the aid of 5G technology must be met by the service providers. High power, a wide band of spectrum availability, minimal latency, and very high bandwidth are all features of 5G technology. 5G provides a high-frequency band with a large amount of bandwidth. The fractal antennas give multiband and wideband characteristics that are applicable to different applications of wireless communication. The research of suitable antenna designs for 5G mobile communication technologies is the focus of this chapter. This chapter reviews the performance comparison of various antenna design characteristics for the 5G application.
Top2. Antenna And Its Measurement Parameters
G. A. Deschamps was the first to introduce the notion of a microstrip antenna in 1953. But it wasn't until the 1970s that this research became useful (Balanis, 2016). Robert E. Bob Munson later built the first practical microstrip antenna in 1972. Microstrip patch antennas are a type of planer antenna that has seen a lot of development over the last few decades (Krishan & Laxmi, 2017). Researchers are very interested in designing these sorts of antennas because they have several advantages, such as compact volume, low manufacturing cost, mechanical resilience, compatibility with microwave-integrated circuits, and so on (Guney & Gultekin, 2004). The frequency range frequently used in these antennas is 1 to 100 GHz. A dielectric substrate is sandwiched between two conducting layers in a microstrip antenna. A patch is the upper conducting plate, and a ground plane is the lower conducting plate (M. J. A.-A. & Abed, 2020). The plates are made of copper or gold and are extremely thin. Patches are typically available in rectangular, circular, elliptical, square, and other shapes. The patch's length is determined by the fundamental condition, o /3 L o /2. Due to finite dimensions on both sides, the patch's edges encounter fringing effects (Krishan, 2019). Radiation is caused by the fringing fields passing through the open sidewalls. It is typical to find substrate materials with dielectric constants of 2.2r 12. The recommended thick substrate has a low dielectric constant value for optimum performance characteristics. It does, however, increase in antenna size. Materials with high dielectric constant values are ideal for tiny antennas. These topologies, however, have a restricted bandwidth and are less efficient due to higher losses (Garg & Bhartia, 2001). As a result, the antenna size and high electromagnetic performance are incompatible. These antennas have high transmission and reception capabilities over long distances, making them useful in a variety of applications, including airplanes, radio-frequency identification systems, satellites, radars, missiles, and other wireless applications (Kumar & Singh, 2015). Many factors can be used to characterize how well an antenna performs (Balanis, 2016). Antenna parameters are interrelated, but there is no need to specify all of them for antenna performance measurement.